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UNIVERSITY 

OF 


LANSING 

VVYNKOOP   HALLBNBECK   CRAWFORD  CO., 

STATE   PRINTERS 


1^' 


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AN  ACT 

To  provide  for  the  publication,  distribution  and  preservation  of  the  man- 
ual of  the  Michigan  Constitutional  Convention  of  nineteen  hundred 
seven;  and  prescribing  the  duties  of  the  State  Librarian  appertaining 
thereto. 

The  People  of  the  State  of  Michigan  enact : 

Section  i.  The  State  Librarian  shall  cause  to  be  prepared  and  pub- 
lished twelve  hundred  fifty  copies  of  a  manual  to  be  known  as  the  "Man- 
ual of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  Michigan  of  nineteen  hundred 
seven,"  to  be  distributed  by  said  State  Librarian  to  the  persons  and  officers 
hereinafter  named,  as  follows:  Two  copies  to  each  delegate  elected  or 
appointed  to  said  convention;  one  copy  to  each  of  the  officers  and  em- 
ployes of  said  convention ;  one  copy  to  each  of  the  members  of  the  present 
legislature. 

Section  2.  The  number  of  copies  remaining  after  the  distribution, 
as  above  provided  for,  shall  remain  in  the  custody  of  the  State  Librarian 
for  the  purpose  of  preservation,  distribution  and  exchange. 

Section  3,  All  work  to  be  performed  in  the  preparation  and  publica- 
tion of  the  said  manual  shall  be  under  the  direction  and  supervision  of 
the  State  Librarian,  and  the  printing  and  binding  and  plates  necessary 
for  the  publication  of  said  manual  shall  be  furnished  by  the  Board  of 
State  Auditors  as  part  of  the  printing  and  binding  for  the  state. 


198415 


PREFACE. 

This  volume  is  designed  to  perpetuate  the  Constitutional  Convention 
of  nineteen  hundred  seven  in  the  memories  not  only  of  the  contemporaries 
of  its  members,  but  in  the  minds  of  those  who  shall  come  afterward.  It 
is  given  to  but  few  men  to  participate  in  writing  the  basic  law  of  a  state, 
and,  in  view  of  the  history  of  previous  revisions  of  the  constitution  of 
this  State,  to  but  fewer  to  have  a  part  in  drafting  a  fundamental  law 
meeting  with  the  approval  of  the  people  whom  it  is  designed  to  govern. 

The  Convention  met  at  Lansing  in  Representative  Hall  on  October 
twenty-second,  nineteen  hundred  seven,  the  Legislatures  of  nineteen 
hundred  five  and  nineteen  hundred  seven  having  taken  the  necessary 
steps  to  provide  for  its  assembling,  the  former  by  submitting  to  the  elec- 
tors of  the  State  the  question  of  whether  a  convention  should  be  called 
and  that  question  having  been  affirmatively  decided,  the  latter  by  en- 
acting a  law  convening  the  assemblage  and  providing  for  its  organiza- 
tion. 

It  has  been  freely  conceded  that  no  more  able,  fair  minded  or  conscien- 
tious body  ever  met  within  the  state  to  consider  questions  involving  the 
common  weal.  Problems  intricate  in  character  presented  themselves  for 
solution.  In  nearly  sixty  years  the  population  of  the  State  had  in- 
creased from  a  number  no  larger  than  that  of  Detroit  today  to  two  and  a 
half  million  people.  Its  wealth  had  multiplied  many  times,  its  interests 
expanded  in  every  direction  and  its  duties  and  responsibilities 
as  a  governmental  organization  largely  increased.  It  was  necessary  to 
reconstruct  the  constitution  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  times  and  to  pre- 
pare in  some  degree  for  the  demands  of  the  future.  The  convention 
early  determined  that  it  would  be  unwise  to  attempt  to  write  an  entirely 
new  instrument  and  decided  to  re-draft  the  constitution  of  1850,  preserv- 
ing in  the  main  the  form  and  essential  parts  of  the  original  document,  but 
adding  necessary  provisions  and  omitting  those  obsolete.  How  well  it 
performed  its  work  may  be  inferred  from  the  expression  of  popular  ap- 


proval  when  the  result  of  its  labors  was  submitted  to  the  people  for  ratifi- 
cation. 

It  is  eminently  fitting  that  the  Legislature  of  nineteen  hundred  nine 
should  acknowledge  the  importance  and  worth  of  the  work  of  the  Con- 
vention for  which  its  predecessors  had  arranged  by  providing  for  the 
publication^'of  this  manual. 


STEVENS  T.  MASON, 
183S-1840. 


HENRY  H.  CRAPO, 
1865-1868. 


JOHN  J.  liAGLEY, 

i873-l«76. 


FRED  M.  WARNER 

IQOS-IpOp, 


'f  OF    TiL,^      ^.' 

UNIVERSITY 


CONVENTION  OF  1835. 

An  act  to  enable  the  people  of  Michigan  to  form  a  constitution  and  state 
government. 

Whereas,  it  is  ordained  and  declared,  in  and  by  the  ordinance  for  the 
government  of  the  territory  of  the  United  States  northwest  of  the  River 
Ohio,  passed  by  Congress  on  the  13th  day  of  July,  1787,  that  certain  arti- 
cles therein  contained  shall  be  considered  as  articles  of  compact  between 
the  original  states  and  the  people  and  states  in  the  said  territory,  and 
forever  remain  unalterable,  unless  by  common  consent;  and 

Whereas,  it  is  stipulated  in  and  by  the  5th  of  the  said  articles  of  com- 
pact, that  there  shall  be  formed  in  the  said  territory,  not  less  than  three 
nor  more  than  five  states;  and  that  "the  boundaries  of  the  three  states 
shall  be  subject  so  far  to  be  altered,  that  if  Congress  shall  hereafter  find 
it  expedient,  they  shall  have  authority  to  form  one  or  two  states  in  that 
part  of  the  said  territory  which  lies  north  of  an  east  and  west  line  drawn 
through  the  southerly  bend  or  extreme  of  Lake  Michigan:"  and 

Whereas,  it  is  stipulated  in  said  article  that  the  said  three  states  shall 
be  bounded  on  the  north  either  by  the  territorial  line  between  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  or  the  said  east  and  west  lines ;  and 

Whereas,  Congress  has  not  admitted  the  said  three  states  into  the  Union, 
according  to  the  boundaries  mentioned  in  the  said  article ;  and 

Whereas,  it  is  provided  in  and  by  an  act  of  Congress,  entitled  "An  act 
to  divide  the  Indiana  territory  into  two  separate  governments,"  approved 
January  nth,  1805,  as  follows,  to  wit: 

"Section  i.  That  all  that  part  of  the  Indiana  territory  which  lies 
north  of  a  line  drawn  east  from  the  southerly  bend  or  extreme  of  Lake 
Michigan,  until  it  shall  intersect  Lake  Erie,  and  east  of  a  line  drawn  from 
the  said  southerly  bend  through  the  middle  of  said  lake  to  its  northern 
extremity,  and  thence  due  north  to  the  northern  boundary  of  the  United 
States,  shall  for  the  purposes  of  temporary  government  constitute  a  sep- 
arate territory,  and  be  called  Michigan." 


"Section  2.  The  inhabitants  thereof  shall  be  entitled  to,  and  enjoy, 
all  and  singular,  the  rights,  privileges  and  advantages  granted  and  secured 
to  the  people  of  the  territory  of  the  United  States  northwest  of  the  River 
Ohio,  by  the  said  ordinance;"  and 

Whereas,  it  was  the  right  and  privilege  of  sixty  thousand  free  inhabi- 
tants within  the  limits  of  Indiana,  according  to  the  said  ordinance,  to 
form  for  themselves  a  permanent  constitution  and  state  government ;  and 

Whereas,  the  same  right  and  privilege  are  granted  by  the  act  aforesaid 
to  the  people  of  Michigan,  whenever  there  shall  be  sixty  thousand  free 
inhabitants  within  the  limits  mentioned  within  the  said  act;  and 

Whereas,  it  is  ascertained,  under  the  authority  of  an  act  of  the  Legis- 
lative Council,  passed  on  the  6th  day  of  September,  1834,  that  there  now 
are  eighty-seven  thousand  two  hundred  seventy-three  free  inhabitants 
within  the  limits  prescribed  for  Michigan  by  the  act  aforesaid:  Therefore, 
for  the  purpose  of  enabling  the  free  inhabitants  of  the  said  territory  to 
secure  to  themselves  the  rights  and  privileges  guaranteed  to  them  by  the 
said  ordinance  and  act  of  Congress, 

Section  i.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Legislative  Council  of  the  Territory 
of  Michigan,  That  the  said  free  inhabitants  of  the  territory  of  Michigan 
as  the  said  territory  was  established  by  the  act  of  Congress,  entitled  "An 
act  to  divide  the  Indiana  territory  into  two  separate  governments,"  ap- 
proved January  nth,  1805;  that  is  to  say,  of  all  that  territory  which  lies 
north  of  an  east  and  west  line  drawn  through  the  southerly  bend  or  ex- 
treme of  Lake  Michigan,  east  of  a  line  drawn  from  the  said  southerly  bend 
through  the  middle  of  said  lake  to  its  northern  extremity,  and  thence  due 
north  to  the  northern  boundar}'^  of  the  United  States,  and  west  and  south 
of  the  said  boundary  of  the  United  States,  be  and  they  are  hereby  au- 
thorized to  assemble  to  choose  delegates  in  the  manner  and  at  the  time 
and  place  hereinafter  mentioned,  to  form  for  themselves  a  constitution 
and  state  government,  upon  the  principles  and  according  to  the  provi- 
sions, contained  in  the  ordinance  for  the  government  of  the  territory  of 
the  United  States  northwest  of  the  River  Ohio,"  adopted  in  Congress  the 
13th  day  of  July,  1787. 

Section  2.  That  the  free  white  male  inhabitants  of  the  said  territory 
above  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  who  shall  reside  therein  three  months 
immediately  preceding  Saturday,  the  4th  day  of  April  next,  in  the  year 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  thirty-five,  be  and  they  are  hereby  au- 

8 


thorized  to  choose  delegates  to  form  a  convention,  who  shall  be  elected 
in  the  several  districts  as  follows,  to  wit:  the  county  of  Wayne  shall  form 
the  first  election  district,  and  shall  be  entitled  to  elect  seventeen  dele- 
gates to  the  said  convention;  the  county  of  Monroe  shall  form  a  second 
district,  and  shall  be  entitled  to  elect  nine  delegates ;  the  county  of  Lenawee 
shall  form  a  third  district,  and  shall  be  entitled  to  elect  eight  delegates ; 
the  county  of  Washtenaw  and  the  country  attached  thereto  for  judicial 
purposes  shall  form  the  fourth  district  and  shall  be  entitled  to  elect  fifteen 
delegates;  the  county  of  Oakland,  and  the  country  attached  thereto  for 
judicial  purposes,  shall  form  the  fifth  district,  and  shall  be  entitled  to 
elect  fourteen  delegates ;  the  county  of  Macomb  shall  form  the  sixth  dis- 
trict, and  shall  be  entitled  to  elect  six  delegates;  the  county  of  St.  Clair 
shall  form  the  seventh  district,  and  shall  be  entitled  to  elect  two  delegates ; 
the  county  of  Jackson  shall  form  the  eighth  district,  and  shall  be  entitled 
to  elect  two  delegates;  the  counties  of  Hillsdale  and  Branch,  and  all  that 
part  of  the  territory  lying  south  of  the  county  of  Branch,  shall  form  the 
ninth  district,  and  be  entitled  to  elect  one  delegate;  the  county  of  Calhoun 
shall  form  the  tenth  district,  and  shall  be  entitled  to  elect  two  delegates ; 
the  county  of  Kalamazoo  and  the  country  attached  thereto  for  judicial 
purposes,  shall  form  the  eleventh  district,  and  shall  be  entitled  to  elect 
three  delegates ;  the  county  of  Cass  and  all  that  part  of  the  territory  lying 
south  of  the  said  county,  shall  form  the  twelfth  district  and  be  entitled 
to  elect  three  delegates;  the  county  of  St.  Joseph  and  all  that  part  of  the 
territory  lying  south  thereof,  shall  form  the  thirteenth  district,  and  be 
entitled  to  elect  three  delegates;  the  county  of  Berrien,  and  all  that  part 
of  the  territory  situated  south  and  southwest  thereof,  shall  form  the  four- 
teenth district,  and  be  entitled  to  elect  two  delegates;  the  county 
of  Michilimackinac  shall  form  the  fifteenth  and  shall  be  entitled  to  elect 
one  delegate;  and  the  county  of  Chippewa  shall  form  the  sixteenth  dis- 
trict and  be  entitled  to  elect  one  delegate.  The  aforesaid  delegates  shall  be 
citizens  of  the  United  States,  of  at  least  the  age  of  twenty-one  years. 

Section  3.  The  election  for  the  said  delegates  shall  be  holden  on  Satur- 
day the  fourth  day  of  April  next,  in  the  several  townships  within  the 
said  several  election  districts;  and  shall  be  in  every  respect  held  and  con- 
ducted in  the  same  manner,  and  under  the  same  regulations,  and  the  re- 
sults certified,  transmitted  and  declared  in  the  same  manner  as  near  as  may 
be,  agreeably  to  the  provisions  of  an  act  entitled  "An  act  to  provide  for  the 


election  of  a  delegate  in  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,"  approved  April 
1 2th,  1827;  and  whenever  any  person  shall  present  his  vote  or  ballot  at 
such  election  for  delegates,  if  he  shall  be  challenged  by  either  of  the  in- 
spectors, or  by  any  elector,  said  inspector  shall  cause  to  be  read  to  such 
person  so  much  of  the  second  section  of  this  act  as  relates  to  the  qualifica- 
tions of  voters,  and  shall  then  tender  and  administer  to  him  the  following 
oath:  "I,  A.  B.  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm),  that  I  am  duly  qualified 
to  vote  at  this  election,  according  to  law:"  and  thereupon,  the  said  in- 
spector shall  receive  the  vote  of  the  person  so  taking  the  oath  or  affirma- 
tion as  aforesaid;  and  in  case  such  person  shall  refuse  to  take  such  oath 
or  affirmation,  he  shall  not  be  permitted  to  vote  at  said  election. 

Section  4.  That  it  shall  not  be  lawful  for  any  officer  or  minister  of 
justice  to  serve  any  civil  process  on  any  person  entitled  to  vote  at  said 
election  on  the  day  preceding  the  said  election,  on  the  day  of  the  election, 
nor  on  the  day  immediately  succeeding  the  same. 

Section  5.  The  delegates  elected  as  aforesaid  shall  meet  at  the  capitol, 
in  the  city  of  Detroit,  on  the  second  Monday  of  May  next;  and  they,  or  a 
majority  of  them  are  authorized  to  adjourn  the  said  convention  to  any 
other  place  within  the  said  territory  for  the  transaction  of  business. 

Approved  January  26,  1835. 


Governor. 


10 


CONVENTION  OF  1835. 
(Convened  at  Detroit  May  11,  and  adjourned  June  24,  1835.) 

OFFICERS. 

John  Biddle,    -        -        -        -        -        -        -        --        -  President. 

Charles  W.  Whipple,     \  „ 

,,  TT>  '>.-...--     {Secretaries. 

Marshall  J.  Bacon,        J 

Olmstead  Hough,        -------       Sergeant-at-Arms. 

DELEGATES. 

First  District. — Wayne  county. — John  Biddle,  John  Norvell,  John  Mc- 
Donell,  John  R.  Williams,  Alpheus  White,  Amos  Stevens,  Conrad  Ten 
Eyck,  Louis  Beaufait,  Peter  Van  Every,  Jonathan  D.  Davis,  Caleb  Her- 
rington,  Ammon  Brown,  Theophilus  E.  Tallman,  George  W.  Farrington, 
Asa  H.  Otis,  Charles  F.  Irwin,  William  Woodbridge. 

Second  District. — Monroe  County. — David  White,  Edward  D.  Ellis,  Peter 
P.  Ferry,  Lemuel  Colbath,  Josephus  V,  D.  Sutphen,  Robert  McClellen. 
Eliphalet  Clark,  Samuel  Ingersoll,  James  F.  Godfroy. 

Third  District. — Lenawee  county. — Ross  Wilkins,  Seleck  C.  Boughton, 
Allen  Hutchins,  John  J.  Adam,  Joseph  Howell,  Joseph  H.  Patterson,  Darius 
Comstock,  John  Whitney  (a),  Alexander  R.  Tiffany  (6). 

Fourth  District. — Washtenaw  county. — Gilbert  Shattuck,  Abel  Godard, 
William  Moore,  Robert  Purdy,  John  Brewer,  Alpheus  Collins,  Michael  P. 
Stubbs,  Richard  Brower,  Rufus  Grossman,  Nathaniel  Noble,  Russell  Briggs, 
Orin  How,  Emanuel  Case,  Edward  Mundy,  Orrin  White. 

Fifth  District. — Oakland  county. — Isaac  L  Voorheis,  Randolph  Manning, 
Seneca  Newberry,  Joshua  B.  Taylor,  Elijah  F.  Cook,  Ebenezer  Raynale, 


(a)  Held  seat  in  convention  until  May  16,  1835. 

(b)  Seated  by  the  convention  May  16,  in  place  of  John  Whitney. 


II 


John  Ellenwood,  Jeremiah  Riggs,  Benjamin  B.  Morris,  William  Patrick, 
Jonathan  Chase,  Samuel  White,  Thomas  Curtis,  Norman  Davison. 

Sixth  District. — Macomb  county. — Samuel  Axford,  Jacob  Tucker,  Henr}"- 
Porter,  John  S.  Axford,  Ephraim  Calkin,  Solomon  Porter. 

Seventh  District. — St.  Clair  county. — Ralph  Wadhams,  John  Clark. 

Eighth  District. — ^Jackson  county. — Townsend  E.  Gidley,  Rosevelt  Davis 
(c),  Roswell  B.  Rexford  (c). 

Ninth  District. — Hillsdale  and  Branch  counties. — Lewis  T.  Miller. 

Tenth  District. — Calhoun  county. — Isaac  E.  Crary,  Ezra  Convis. 

Eleventh  District. — Kalamazoo  county. — Hezekiah  G.  Wells,  William  H. 
Welch,  Lucius  Lyon. 

Twelfth  District. — Cass  county. — ^James  Newton,  James  O'Dell,  Baldwin 
Jenkins. 

Thirteenth  District. — St.  Joseph  county. — ^John  S.  Barry,  Hubbell  Loomis, 
Martin  G.  Shellhouse. 

Fourteenth  District. — Berrien  county. — Elijah  Lacy,  Titus  B.  Willard. 

Fifteenth  District. — Mackinaw  county. — Michael  Dousman. 

Sixteenth  District. — Chippewa  county. — Bela  Chapman. 

It  was  this  convention  that  formed  the  first  constitution  of  the  state. 


(c)  The  vote  for  Davis  and  Rexford  was  a  tie.  Matter  referred  back  to 
district  for  special  election,  when  Rexford  was  elected,  and  seated  by  con- 
vention, June  3,  1835.     Davis  acted  until  June  3. 


12 


CONVENTION  OF  1850. 

An  act  to  provide  for  the  time,  place  and  manner  of  holding  the  convention 
to  revise  the  constitution,  and  for  the  election  of  delegates  thereto. 

Section  i.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  senate  and  house  of  representatives  of 
the  state  of  Michigan,  That  an  election  for  delegates  to  the  convention  to 
revise  the  constitution  of  the  state  of  Michigan,  shall  be  held  on  the  first 
Monday  of  May,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
fifty.  The  township  board  of  elections  in  the  several  townships  and  the 
inspectors  of  elections  in  the  different  wards  and  cities  of  this  state,  shall, 
upon  the  day  above  mentioned,  open  the  polls  of  their  respective  town- 
ships, wards  or  cities,  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  law  for  the  election  of 
representatives  to  the  state  legislature,  at  the  same  place  at  which  the  polls 
may  be  opened  for  the  election  of  township,  ward  and  city  officers  at  the  next 
spring  election,  and  shall  receive  the  votes  of  all  electors  who  are  qualified 
by  law  to  elect  representatives  to  the  state  legislature.  The  electors  shall 
be  entitled  to  vote  for  as  many  persons  as  shall  be  entitled  to  a  seat  in 
said  convention  from  their  several  counties  or  districts  by  the  provisions 
of  this  act,  which  votes  shall  be  taken  in  the  same  manner  as  is  now  pro- 
vided by  law  in  elections  for  representatives  to  the  state  legislature. 

Section  2.  The  secretary  of  state  is  hereby  required  to  publish  the 
notice  of  this  election,  and  send  copies  thereof  to  the  sheriffs  of  the  different 
counties  and  districts  in  this  state,  which  said  copies  shall  be  sent  to  said 
sheriffs  at  least  three  weeks  before  the  day  appointed  for  holding  said 
election.  Said  notice  shall  contain  the  number  of  delegates  and  their 
apportionment  to  each  county  and  district,  and  the  secretary  of  state  shall 
cause  said  notice  to  be  published  in  the  state  paper  and  in  a  paper  pub- 
lished in  each  of  the  counties  in  this  state  (where  a  paper  is  published) 
three  weeks  in  succession,  previous  to  the  day  of  holding  the  election.  The 
copies  of  said  notice  to  be  delivered  to  the  sheriffs,  as  aforesaid,  shall  con- 
tain the  number  of  delegates  to  which  the  counties  or  districts  to  which 

13 


such  sheriffs  belong  are  respectively  entitled;  and  the  said  sheriffs  shall, 
immediately  on  the  receipt  of  said  notice,  transmit  a  copy  of  the  substance 
thereof  to  each  of  the  township  clerks  in  their  respective  counties  or  dis- 
tricts; and  the  township  clerks  shall,  at  least  one  week  prior  to  the  day 
appointed  for  said  election,  post  up  copies  of  such  notice  in  three  of  the 
most  public  places  in  their  respective  townships. 

Section  3.  The  number  of  delegates  in  such  convention  shall  be  one 
hundred,  to  be  apportioned  among  the  several  counties  and  representa- 
tive districts  in  this  state  as  follows,  viz:  the  county  of  Allegan,  one;  Barry', 
one;  Berrien,  three;  Branch,  three;  Calhoun,  five;  Cass,  three;  Chippewa  and 
the  counties  attached  thereto  for  representative  purposes,  one;  Clinton 
and  the  counties  attached  thereto  for  judicial  purposes,  one;  Eaton,  two; 
Genesee,  three ;  Hillsdale,  four ;  Ingham,  two ;  Ionia  and  the  counties  attached 
thereto  for  judicial  or  that  may  be  attached  for  representative  purposes, 
two;  Jackson,  five;  Kalamazoo,  three;  Kent  and  Ottawa  and  the  counties 
attached  to  Kent  and  Ottawa  for  judicial  purposes,  three;  Lapeer,  two; 
Lenawee,  seven;  Livingston,  four;  Mackinac,  one;  Macomb,  four;  Monroe, 
four;  Oakland,  nine;  Saginaw  and  the  counties  attached  thereto  for  judi- 
cial purposes,  one;  Shiawassee,  one;  St.  Clair  and  the  counties  attached 
thereto  for  representative  and  judicial  purposes,  three;  St.  Joseph,  three; 
Van  Buren,  one;  Washtenaw,  eight;  Wayne,  ten. 

Section  4.  The  several  township  boards  of  election  and  the  inspectors 
of  election  of  the  different  wards  and  cities,  shall  canvass  and  return  the 
votes  given  at  said  election  in  the  same  manner  as  is  now  provided  by  law 
for  the  canvass  and  return  of  votes  given  at  the  election  of  representa- 
tives; and  the  county  and  district  boards  of  canvassers  shall  be  appointed 
in  the  same  manner  and  shall  meet  and  canvass  the  votes  in  their  re- 
spective counties  and  districts  in  the  same  manner  and  in  the  same  space 
of  time  after  said  election  is  held  as  is  now  provided  for  by  law  in  the 
appointment  of  county  and  district  canvassers,  and  the  meeting  and  can- 
vassing of  votes  for  representatives;  and  certificates  of  election  shall  be 
given  the  persons  entitled  thereto  by  the  same  officer  and  in  the  same 
manner  as  representatives  now  receive  the  same;  and  the  county  clerks 
of  their  respective  counties  and  districts  shall,  within  five  days  after  such 
canvass,  transmit  to  the  secretary  of  state  certified  copies,  under  their 
hands  and  seals  of  office,  of  such  canvass  in  their  respective  counties  and 
districts ;  and  in  case  of  contested  elections  to  the  convention,  the  con 

14 


vention  shall  have  the  same  power  to  judge  of  the  qualifications,  return 
and  election  of  its  delegates  as  the  legislature  of  this  state  now  have. 

Section  5 .  The  delegates  chosen  shall  meet  in  convention  at  the  capitol 
in  Lansing,  on  the  first  Monday  of  June,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
fifty.  They  shall  be  judges  of  their  own  privileges  and  elections,  and  the 
delegates  thereof  shall  have  the  same  privileges  to  which  representatives 
to  the  state  legislature  are  entitled,  and  shall  by  ballot  appoint  one  of 
their  number  president,  and  may  appoint  one  or  more  secretaries,  asergeant- 
at-arms,  one  or  more  reporters,  and  such  messengers  as  their  conve- 
nience shall  require ;  and  such  delegates  of  the  convention  shall  be  entitled 
to  the  same  mileage  for  travel  and  the  same  per  diem  allowance  as  is  now 
paid  to  members  of  the  legislature;  and  the  president,  secretaries,  reporters, 
sergeant-at-arms,  door-keepers  and  messengers  shall  receive  such  com- 
pensation as  the  convention  shall  see  fit  to  allow.  The  amount  due  each 
person  shall  be  certified  to  by  the  principal  secretary  of  the  convention, 
and  countersigned  by  the  president;  and  the  treasurer  of  the  state  shall 
pay  the  certificates  so  certified  to  and  countersigned,  out  of  any  moneys 
in  the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated;  and  the  said  convention  may 
furnish  for  its  own  use  such  stationery  as  it  may  require  as  is  usual  for 
legislative  bodies,  and  the  amount  due  therefor  shall  be  certified  to  and 
paid  for  in  the  same  manner  as  the  delegates  and  officers  are  paid.  And 
it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  state  to  attend  said  convention  at 
the  opening  thereof,  and  he  and  all  public  officers  shall  furnish  such  con- 
vention with  all  such  papers,  statements,  books  or  other  public  documents 
in  their  possession,  as  the  said  convention  shall  order  or  require.  And  the 
state  printer  shall  perform  the  printing  required  to  be  done  by  said  con- 
vention, at  such  times  and  in  such  manner  as  they  shall  direct,  and  said 
printer  shall  receive  the  same  compensation  and  in  the  same  manner  as 
now  provided  by  law  for  compensation  and  payment  for  legislative  print- 
ing; and  in  case  the  said  printer  shall  refuse  or  neglect  to  perform  the 
duties  aforesaid,  the  said  convention  may  appoint  a  printer  to  perform 
said  duties,  who  shall  receive  the  same  compensation  and  in  the  same 
manner  as  is  now  provided  by  law  for  legislative  printing. 

Section  6.  The  proceedings  of  the  said  convention  shall  be  filed  in  the 
office  of  the  secretary  of  state,  and  the  revision  of  the  constitution  agreed 
to  by  said  convention  shall  be  recorded  in  his  office.  The  said  revision 
shall  be  submitted  by  the  convention  to  the  people,  for  their  adoption 

15 


or  rejection,  at  such  time  and  in  such  manner  as  the  convention  may 
prescribe. 

Section  7.  All  wilful  and  corrupt  false  swearing  in  taking  any  of  the 
oaths  prescribed  by  this  act,  or  by  the  laws  of  this  state  made  applicable 
to  this  act,  or  any  other  mode  or  form  in  carrying  into  effect  this  act,  shall 
be  deemed  perjury,  and  shall  be  punished  in  the  manner  now  prescribed 
by  law  for  wilful  and  corrupt  perjury. 

Section  8.  This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  its 
passage. 

Approved  March  9,  1850. 


Governor. 


lO 


CONVENTION  OF  1850. 
(Convened  at  Lansing,  June  3,  and  adjourned  August  15,  1850). 

OFFICERS. 

Daniel  Goodwin,        __-----_       President. 

John  Swegels,  Jr.,  1 

Horace  F.  Roberts,  i     ------        -  Secretaries. 

Charles  Hascall,     J 

David  Hubbard,  Jr.,  _        _        _        -        .  Sergeant-at-Arms. 

DELEGATES. 

Allegan. — Oak  Town. 

Barry. — ^Joseph  W.  T.  Orr. 

Berrien. — Calvin  Britain,  Jacob  Beeson,  Charies  W.  Whipple. 

Branch. — Wales  Adams,  Alvarado  Brown,  Asahel  Brown. 

Calhoun. — Isaac  E.  Crary,  Milo  Soule,  William  V.  Morrison,  John  D. 
Pierce,  Nathan  Pierce. 

Cass. — George  Redfield,  Mitchell  Robinson,  James  Sullivan. 

Chippewa. — Elijah  J,  Roberts. 

Clinton. — David  Sturgis. 

Eaton. — Charles  E.  Beardsley,  John  D.  Burns. 

Genesee. — ^John  Bartow,  Elbridge  G.  Gale,  Dewitt  C.  Leach. 

Hillsdale. — ^John  P.  Cook,  Daniel  Kinne,  John  Mosher,  Jonathan  B. 
Graham. 

Ingham. — Charles  P.  Bush,  Ephraim  B.  Danforth. 

Ionia. — Henry  Bartow,  Cyrus  Lovell. 

Jackson — Robert  H.  Anderson,  John  L.  Butterfield,  Jerry  G.  Cornell, 
Elisha  S.  Robinson,  Wilbur  F.  Storey. 

Kalamazoo. — Hezakiah  G.  Wells,  Samuel  Clark,  Volney  Hascall. 

Kent  and  Ottawa. — Rix  Robinson,  Thomas  B.  Church,  Timothy  Eastman. 

17 


Lapeer. — Noah  H.  Hart,  Jonathan  R.  White. 

Lenawee. — ^Addison  J.  Comstock,  Alexander  R.  Tiffany,  Peter  R.  Adams, 
Charles  Chandler,  George  C.  Harvey,  Nelson  Green,  Ebenezer  Daniels. 

Livingston. — Daniel  S.  Lee,  Robert  Crouse,  Robert  Warden,  Jr.,  Ely 
Barnard. 

Mackinac. — ^William  Norman  McLeod. 

Macomb. — DeWitt  C.  Walker,  Charles  W.  Chapel,  Andrew  S.  Robertson, 
Hiram  Hathaway. 

Monroe. — Robert  McClellan,  Alexander  M.  Arzeno,  Emerson  Choate, 
Henry  B.  Marvin. 

Oakland. — ^James  Webster,  Alfred  H.  Hanscomb,  Seneca  Newberry, 
Jacob  Vanvalkenburg,  Ebenezer  Raynale,  Gideon  O.  Whittemore,  William 
Axford,  Zebina  M.  Mowry,  EHas  S.  Woodman. 

Saginaw. — ^Jabez  G.  Sutherland. 

Shiawassee. — Francis  J.  Prevost. 

St.  Clair. — ^John  Clark,  Lorenzo  M.  Mason,  Reuben  B.  Dimond. 

St.  Joseph. — ^WilUam  Conner,  Joseph  R.  Williams,  Edward  S.  Moore. 

Van  Buren. — Isaac  W.  Willard. 

Washtenaw. — James  Kingsley,  Elias  M.  Skinner,  Earls  P.  Gardiner, 
Daniel  Hixson,  Morgan  O'Brien,  William  S.  Carr,  Benjamin  W.  Waite, 
James  M.  Edmunds. 

Wayne. — Daniel  Goodwin,  Benjamin  F.  H.  Witherell,  John  Gibson, 
Ammon  Brown,  Henry  J.  Alvord,  Henry  Fralick,  Peter  Desnoyers,  Henry 
T,  Backus,  Joseph  H.  Bagg,  Ebenezer  C.  Eaton. 

The  delegates  to  the  convention  were  elected  May  6,  1850,  in  pursuance 
of  act  No.  78  of  the  laws  of  1850.  The  constitution  as  revised  by  the  con- 
vention was  submitted  to  the  people  November  5,  1850,  and  adopted  by  a 
majority  of  26,736  votes. 


18 


CALL  OF  THE  CONVENTION  OF  1867. 

An  act  to  provide  for  the  revision  of  the  constitution  of  the  state  of  Michi- 
gan. 

Section  i.  The  people  of  the  state  of  Michigan  enact,  That  at  the 
general  election  to  be  held  on  the  first  Monday  of  April,  in  the  year  of  our 
Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-seven,  the  qualified  electors 
of  the  several  counties  of  this  state  shall  elect  as  many  persons  delegates 
as  each  county  has  representatives  in  the  state  legislature;  and  in  case 
several  counties  compose  one  representative  district,  said  district  shall 
be  entitled  to  one  delegate.  The  delegates  so  elected  shall  be  qualified 
electors  of  the  state,  and  shall  constitute  a  convention  for  the  revision  of 
the  constitution  of  this  state. 

Section  2.  The  secretary  of  state,  and  the  sheriffs  of  the  several  coun- 
ties, and  the  township  clerks  of  the  several  towns  and  the  city  clerks  of 
the  several  cities  of  this  state,  are  hereby  required  to  give  notice  of  said 
election,  similar  to  that  now  provided  by  law  to  be  given  for  an  election 
of  members  of  the  legislature.  .  *::'^'^'-:W^^i^!^-  ^  ^'  tfi.*^M^ 

Section  3.  The  names  of  the  candidates  for  delegates  shall  be  written 
or  printed,  or  partly  written  and  partly  printed,  on  the  ballot  with  the 
name  of  the  candidate  for  justice  of  the  supreme  court.  The  boards  of 
election  of  the  several  townships,  and  the  inspectors  of  election  of  the 
several  wards  and  cities  of  this  state,  shall  open  the  polls  of  their  several 
townships,  wards,  and  cities  and  the  elections  shall  be  conducted,  the 
votes  counted,  the  returns  made  and  canvassed,  the  results  declared,  and 
certificates  of  election  issued,  in  all  respects  as  are  now  provided  by  law 
for  election  of  county  officers;  and  in  case  several  counties  compose  one 
representative  district;  the  returns  shall  be  made   and  canvassed,   the 


19 


results  declared,  and  certificates  of  election  issued,  the  same  as  in  case  of 
an  election  for  representative. 

Section  4.  The  delegates  so  chosen  shall  assemble  at  the  capitol  in  the 
city  of  Lansing,  on  the  third  Wednesday  of  May,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-seven,  at  eleven  o'clock  in  the 
forenoon,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  state  to  attend  at 
the  opening  session  of  the  convention,  with  a  list  of  the  names  of  the  dele- 
gates elect,  and  he  shall  administer  the  oath  of  office  to  the  members  of 
the  convention.  They  shall  be  the  judges  of  their  own  privileges  and 
elections,  and  shall,  by  ballot,  elect  one  of  their  number  to  serve  as  presi- 
dent, and  may  appoint  such  secretaries,  reporters,  sergeants-at-arms, 
firemen  and  messengers  as  their  convenience  may  require.  The  dele- 
gates shall  receive  four  dollars  for  each  day's  actual  attendance,  and  for 
each  day's  absence  on  account  of  sickness,  and  ten  cents  for  each  mile 
actually  traveled  in  going  to  and  returning  from  the  place  of  meeting,  by 
the  usually  traveled  route;  and  the  secretaries,  reporters,  sergeants-at-arms, 
firemen  and  messengers  shall  receive  such  compensation  as  the  conven- 
tion may  direct.  The  amount  due  each  person  shall  be  certified  b}--  the 
principal  secretary  of  the  convention,  and  countersigned  by  the  president, 
and  the  treasurer  of  the  state  shall  pay  such  certificate  out  of  any  moneys  in 
the  treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated.  And  the  convention  may  furnish 
its  members  with  such  books,  papers  and  stationery  as  are  now  allowed 
by  the  constitution  to  the  members  of  the  legislature.  And  it  shall  be 
the  duty  of  all  state  officers  to  furnish  the  convention  with  such  papers, 
books  and  documents,  in  their  possession  as  the  convention  shall  order 
for  the  use  of  its  members  during  the  session.  The  contractor  for  the 
state  printing  shall  perform  the  printing  required  to  be  done  by  the  con- 
vention, in  such  manner  and  at  such  times  as  it  shall  direct.  The  pro- 
ceedings of  the  convention  shall  be  filed  in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of 
state,  and  the  revision  of  the  constitution,  as  agreed  to  by  the  convention, 
signed  by  the  president  and  secretary,  shall  be  recorded  in  his  office.  The 
said  revision  shall  be  submitted  by  the  convention  to  the  people,  for 
adoption  or  rejection,  at  such  time  and  in  such  manner  as  said  convention 
may  direct. 

Section  5.     All  wilful  and  corrupt  false  swearing,  in  taking  any  of  the 


20 


oaths  prescribed  by  this  act,  or  by  the  laws  of  this  state,  made  applicable 
by  this  act,  shall  be  deemed  perjury,  and  shall  be  punished  as  is  now  pre- 
scribed by  law  for  wilful  and  corrupt  perjury. 

Section  6.     This  act  shall  take  immediate  effect. 

Approved  March  ii,  1867. 


A^,^^. 


Governor. 


21 


CONVENTION  OF  1867. 

(Convened  at  Lansing,  May  15,  and  adjourned  August  22,  1867.) 

OFFICERS. 

Charles  M.  Croswell,       --__-__        President. 
Thomas  H.  Glenn,    "] 

G.  X,  M.  Collier,       }.---_.__  Secretaries. 

T.  P.  Miles,  J 

D.  B.  PuRiNTON, Sergeant-at-Arms. 

Seymour  Foster,  _______         Postmaster. 

DELEGATES. 

Allegan. — ^William  B.  Williams,  William  E.  White. 

Barry. — Harvey  Wright,  Adam  Elliott. 

Bay. — James  Bimey. 

Berrien. — ^William  S.  Farmer,  Lorenzo  P.  Alexander,  Henry  H.  Coolidge. 

Branch. — Cyrus  G.  Luce,  Asahel  Brown,  Julius  S.  Barber. 

Calhoun. — Charles  D.  Holmes,  Eden  F.  Henderson,  George  Willard. 

Cass. — Levi  Aldrich,  Jacob  J.  Van  Riper. 

Clinton. — Alvah  H.  Walker,  Nathaniel  I.  Daniells. 

Eaton. — Joseph  Musgrave,  Milton  P.  Burch. 

Genesee. — Sumner  Howard,  Henry  R.  Lovell,  Thaddeus  G.  Smith. 

Grand  Traverse,  etc. — De  Witt  C.  Leach. 

Gratiot. — De  Witt  C.  Chapin. 

Hillsdale. — Lewis  J.  Thompson,  Daniel  L.  Pratt,  Simeon  P.  Root. 

Houghton. — ^John  Q.  McKemon. 

Huron. — Richard  Winsor. 

Ingham. — John  W.  Longyear,  Lemuel  Woodhouse. 

Ionia. — George  W.  Germain,  Sanford  A.  Yeomans. 

Jackson. — Eugene  Pringle,  Freeman  C.  Watkins,  William  F.  Goodwin. 

22 


Kalamazoo. — Marsh  Giddings,  Delamore  Duncan,  Milton  Bradley. 

Kent. — Solomon  L.  Withey,  Jacob  Ferris,  Milton  C.  Watkins,  Lyman 
Murray. 

Keweenaw. — Robert  F.  Gulick. 

Lapeer. — Myron  C.  Kenney,  John  M.  Lamb. 

Lenawee. — Jacob  C.  Sawyer,  Perley  Bills,  Martin  P.  Stockwell,  Horace 
J.  Sheldon,  Charles  M.  Croswell. 

Livingston. — Benjamin  W.  Lawrence,  Edwin  B.  Winans. 

Mackinac,  etc. — Bela  Chapman. 

Macomb. — Dexter  Mussey,  Thomas  M.  Crocker,  William  W,  Andrus. 

Marquette. — Eleazer  S.  Ingalls. 

Midland,  etc. — Perry  H.  Estee. 

Monroe. — Edward  G.  Morton,  William  A.  Rafter,  William  Corbin. 

Montcalm. — George  F.  Case. 

Muskegon. — Henry  H.  Holt. 

Newaygo,  etc. — William  S.  Utley. 

Oakland. — P.  Dean  Warner,  Edward  P.  Harris,  Willard  M.  McConnell, 
Jacob  Vanvalkenburg. 

Ontonagon. — James  Burtenshaw. 

Ottawa. — ^John  Haire,  Hiram  Jennison. 

Saginaw. — ^Jabez  G,  Sutherland,  Hiram  L.  Miller. 

Sanilac. — John  Divine. 

Shiawassee. — Josiah  Turner,  S.  Titus  Parsons. 

St.  Clair. — Marcus  H.  Miles,  Ezra  Hazen,  Omar  D.  Conger. 

St.  Joseph. — William  L.  Stoughton,  Comfort  Tyler,  Levi  T.  Hull. 

Tuscola. — Benjamin  W.  Houston,  Jr. 

Van  Buren. — Samuel  H.  Blackman,  Charles  Duncombe. 

Washtenaw. — Thomas  Ninde,  Charles  H.  Richmond,  Lyman  D.  Norris, 
Daniel  Hixson. 

Wayne. — Robert  McClelland,  Daniel  Goodwin,  Peter  Desnoyers,  William 
A.  Smith,  Jonathan  Shearer,  William  E.  Warner,  George  V.  N.  Lothrop, 
Peter  Henkel,  William  Purcell. 

The  delegates  to  this  convention  were  elected  April  i,  1867,  in  pursu- 
ance of  act  No.  41,  of  the  session  laws  of  1867.  The  constitution  as  revised 
by  this  convention  was  submitted  to  the  people  April  6,  1868.  It  was 
rejected  by  a  vote  of  71,733  yeas,  to  110,582  nays. 


23 


CONSTITUTIONAL  COMMISSION  OF  1873. 

Joint  resolution  to  provide  for  a  commission  for  the  revision  of  the  consti- 
tution of  the  State  of  Michigan. 

Whereas,  the  existing  constitution  of  the  state  of  Michigan  is  defective 
in  many  respects,  and  needs  to  be  amended  to  conform  to  the  growth  and 
development  of  the  state  and  the  advanced  ideas  of  the  people,  as  well  as 
in  many  other  respects ;  therefore, 

Resolved  by  the  Senate  and  the  House  of  Representatives  of  the  state 
of  Michigan,  That  the  governor  be  and  he  is  hereby  authorized  and  em- 
powered to  nominate  and  appoint  eighteen  able  and  discreet  citizens,  who 
shall  be  authorized  to  examine  into  and  report  to  the  next  session,  either 
special  or  general,  of  the  legislature  of  this  state,  such  amendments  and 
revision  of  the  constitution  as  in  their  judgment  may  be  necessary  for 
the  best  interests  of  the  state  and  the  people.  Said  commission  shall 
assemble  in  the  supreme  court  rooms,  or  some  other  suitable  place,  in  the 
city  of  Lansing,  at  such  time  as  the  governor  shall  direct,  and  may  remain 
in  session  such  time  as  may  be  necessary  to  perfect  their  labors,  not  exceed- 
ing one  hundred  days  in  all,  and  shall  be  entitled  to  receive  therefor  the 
sum  of  five  dollars  per  diem  for  each  day  actually  employed.  They  shall 
take  the  constitutional  oath  of  office,  to  be  administered  by  one  of  the 
judges  of  the  supreme  court  or  the  secretary  of  state;  and  may  elect  one 
of  their  number  chairman.  They  may  appoint  a  clerk  at  a  compensa- 
tion not  exceeding  three  dollars  per  day,  and  such  messengers 
and  assistants  as  they  deem  necessary,  at  a  compensation  ncft  exceeding 
two  dollars  per  day,  and  the  state  shall  pay  all  expenses  of  such  commis- 
sion, as  near  as  may  be,  in  the  same  manner  as  the  expenses  of  the  legis- 
lature are  paid.  No  more  than  two  of  such  commissioners  shall  reside  in 
any  one  congressional  district  as  now  organized,  and  in  case  of  death  or 
resignation  of  any  commissioner,  the  governor  shall  appoint  another  to 
fill  the  vacancy.  Such  commissioners  shall  have  all  the  immunities  and 
powers  granted  to  members  of  the  legislature  or  the  House  of  Representa- 

24 


tives  for  the  purposes  necessary  to  discharge  the  duty  imposed  upon  them. 
No  proposition  or  amendment  shall  be  adopted  by  them  or  reported  by 
them  that  is  not  indorsed  and  recommended  by  two-thirds  of  the  whole 
number  of  persons  upon  such  commission.  They  shall  cause  their  work 
to  be  laid  before  the  governor  on  or  before  the  first  day  of  December  eigh- 
teen hundred  and  seventy-three,  and  the  governor  shall  cause  the  same 
to  be  printed  for  the  use  of  the  legislature,  on  or  before  the  first  day  of 
January,  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-four.  The  legislature  at  its 
next  general  or  special  session  may  cause  such  revision,  or  so  much  thereof 
as  they  may  approve,  to  be  submitted  to  the  people  for  ratification. 
Approved  April  24,  1873. 


Governor. 


25 


CONSTITUTIONAL  COMMISSION  OF  1873. 
(Convened  at  Lansing,  August  27,  and  adjourned  October  16,  1873. 

OFFICERS. 

Sullivan  M.  Cutcheon,       ---_-__        Chairman. 
Henry  S.  Clubb,     ---------  Clerk. 

Stephen  B.  McCracken,     ------        Assistant  Clerk. 

William  Burnham,         ---__-_        Door  Keeper. 


c    . 

O    U3 

CO  o 
U}  ■« 

u  u 

U  +J 

60.22 

o 
o 


Members. 


Elijah  W.  Meddaugh 

Ashley  Pond 

Ed%vin  Willits 

Sullivan  M.  Cutcheon  (o) 

Isaac  M.  Crane 

Charles  Upson , 

Henry  H.  Riley 

Hezekiah  G.  Wells 

Solomon  L.  Withey 

Lyman  G.  Mason,  (resigned  September  2,  1873), 
WiUiam  M.  Ferry  (6) 

Ira  D.  Crouse 

Lysander  Woodward 

Edwin  W.  Giddings,  (resigned  October  8,  1873) . 
John  Divine 


Counties. 


Wayne. 
Wayne. 

Monroe. 
Washtenaw. 

Eaton. 
Branch. 

St.  Joseph. 
Kalamazoo. 

Kent. 

Muskegon. 

Ottawa. 

Livingston 
Oakland. 

Macomb. 
Sanilac. 


(a)  Elected  chairman. 

(b)  Appointed  October  2,  1873,  vice  Mason. 


26 


COMMISSION— Continued. 


Members. 


Counties. 


Herschel  H.  Hatch .  . 
David  H.  Jerome .  .  . 

James  R.  Devereaux 
Seth  C.  Moffatt 


Bay. 
Saginaw. 

Houghton. 
Leelanau. 


This  commission  consisted  of  two  members  from  each  congressional  dis- 
trict of  the  state,  who  were  appointed  by  the  governor,  pursuant  to  joint 
resolution  No.  19  of  the  legislature  of  1873.  It  completed  its  labors  Octo- 
ber 16,  and  made  a  formal  report  to  the  governor.  The  constitution  as 
revised  by  the  commission  was  submitted  to  the  people  November  3,  1874, 
in  pursuance  of  joint  resolution  No.  4  of  the  session  of  1874,  and  was  re- 
jected by  a  vote  of  39,285  yeas  to  124,034  nays. 


27 


CONVENTION  OF  1907. 

An  act  to  provide  for  a  convention  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  general 
revision  of  the  constitution. 

The  people  of  the  state  of  Michigan  enact: 

Section  i.  At  a  special  election  to  be  held  on  the  third  Tuesday  in 
September,  nineteen  hundred  seven,  delegates  shall  be  elected  to  meet  in 
convention  for  the  purpose  of  making  a  general  revision  of  the  constitution 
of  the  state  of  Michigan. 

Section  2.  The  number  of  delegates  to  such  convention  shall  be  ninety 
six,  consisting  of  three  delegates  from  each  senatorial  district  in  this  state 
as  now  existing.  Each  person  entitled  by  law  to  vote  for  members  of  the 
legislature,  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  at  the  election  provided  for  in  section 
one  of  this  act,  for  three  delegates  to  the  constitutional  convention  here- 
inafter provided  for.  The  three  persons  receiving  the  highest  number  of 
votes  for  delegates  to  the  constitutional  convention  in  each  senatorial 
district  shall  be  elected  delegates. 

Section  3.  Candidates  of  all  parties  for  delegates  to  said  convention 
in  every  senatorial  district  in  this  state,  shall  be  nominated  on  the  second 
Tuesday  in  August,  nineteen  hundred  seven.  In  every  senatorial  district 
where  in  nineteen  hundred  six,  in  the  nomination  of  a  senator,  at  least  one 
political  party  adopted  and  operated  under  the  direct  nominating  system 
provided  for  in  act  number  one  hundred  eighty-one  of  the  Public  Acts  of 
nineteen  hundred  five,  or  under  any  local  primary  law,  the  candidates  of 
all  political  parties  for  delegates  to  the  constitutional  convention  shall 
be  nominated  in  the  same  way:  Provided,  That  the  provisions  of  chapter 
two  of  act  one  hundred  eighty-one  of  the  Public  Acts  of  nineteen  hundred 
five  relating  to  party  enrollment,  shall  not  apply  to  nor  be  in  force  at  such 
primary  election,  but  every  qualified  elector  shall  have  the  right  to  receive 
from  the  inspectors,  and  vote,  the  party  ticket  he  prefers  without  regard 
to  any  party  enrollment,  the  general  registration  books  of  each  election 
district  being  used  at  such  primary  election  in  place  of  the  enrollment 

28 


books:  And  Provided  further,  That  to  obtain  the  printing  of  the  name 
of  any  candidate  of  any  political  party  for  delegate  to  such  convention 
on  the  ballot  of  his  party  at  such  primary  election,  there  shall  be  filed  with 
the  secretary  of  state,  nomination  papers,  signed  by  at  least  one  hundred 
qualified  electors,  which  shall  recite  that  said  signers  are  of  the  political 
party  to  which  the  candidate  belongs,  and  who  reside  in  the  senatorial 
district  in  which  such  candidate  resides:  Provided,  That  in  districts 
wholly  within  one  county  such  nomination  papers  shall  be  filed  with  the 
county  clerk  of  said  county.  The  secretary  of  state  shall  furnish  the 
county  clerk  of  each  county  in  the  state,  which,  under  the  provisions  of 
this  act,  must  operate  under  the  direct  nominating  system,  a  sufficient 
quantity  of  printed  forms  for  such  nominating  papers,  following  substan- 
tially the  form  prescribed  in  section  two  of  chapter  five  of  act  number  one 
hundred  eighty-one  of  the  Public  Acts  of  nineteen  hundred  five.  Nomina- 
tion papers  filed  in  accordance  herewith  shall  be  received  up  to  four  o'clock 
in  the  afternoon  of  July  twenty-thfrd,  nineteen  hundred  seven,  preced- 
ing such  primary  election.  Where  nomination  papers  are  required  to  be 
filed  with  the  secretary  of  state,  he  shall  forthwith  prepare  and  certify  to 
the  board  of  election  commissioners  of  each  county  which,  under  the 
provisions  of  this  act,  must  operate  under  the  direct  nominating  system, 
the  names  of  all  candidates  mentioned  in  said  nomination  papers,  to- 
gether with  the  name  of  the  party.  The  various  county  clerks  and  county 
boards  of  election  commissioners  shall  then  proceed  as  directed  in  sec- 
tions three,  four  and  five  of  chapter  five  of  act  number  one  hundred  eighty- 
one  of  the  Public  Acts  of  nineteen  hundred  five.  The  returns  of  said 
primary  election  shall  be  canvassed  and  the  results  declared  in  the  same 
manner  and  by  the  same  officers  as  is  provided  by  the  general  law  for 
canvassing  the  returns  of  and  declaring  the  result  in  general  elections; 
and  all  the  elections  for  the  nomination  of  delegates  shall  be  conducted, 
canvassed,  certified  and  returned  in  the  manner  now  provided  by  law 
for  the  nomination  of  candidates  for  senator  in  the  state  legislature,  as 
nearly  as  may  be:  Provided,  That  in  senatorial  districts,  the  limits  of 
which  shall  be  greater  than  those  of  a  county,  the  board  of  district  can- 
vassers shall  meet  on  the  twenty-seventh  day  of  August,  nineteen  hundred 
seven,  for  the  purpose  of  canvassing  the  returns  of  such  primary  election. 
The  three  persons  on  each  party  ticket  receiving  the  largest  number  of 
votes  shall  be  the  nominees  of  such  party.     In  senatorial  districts  where 

29 


in  nineteen  hundred  six  no  political  party  adopted  and  used  act  number 
one  hundred  eighty-one  of  the  Public  Acts  of  nineteen  hundred  five  in  the 
nomination  of  candidates  for  senator  in  the  state  legislature  the  candidates 
of  all  political  parties  for  delegates  to  the  constitutional  convention  shall 
be  nominated  by  a  delegate  convention  called  by  the  senatorial  committee 
of  each  political  party  in  the  usual  manner.  The  names  of  the  three  can- 
didates nominated  by  each  or  any  political  party  in  each  senatorial  dis- 
trict in  this  state  as  herein  provided,  shall  be  printed  upon  the  official 
ballots  of  the  various  political  parties  at  the  election  provided  for  in  section 
one  of  this  act. 

Section  4.  All  laws,  not  inconsistent  with  this  act,  regulating  the 
nomination  of  candidates  for  state  senator  to  be  elected  at  a  general  elec- 
tion, shall  be  applicable  to  the  nomination  of  delegates  to  the  constitu- 
tional convention.  All  laws  not  inconsistent  with  this  act,  regulating 
the  printing  of  the  ballots  and  the  canvass  of  the  votes  for  state  senator  at  a 
general  election,  shall  be  applicable  to  the  printing  of  the  ballots  and  the 
canvass  of  the  votes  for  delegates  to  the  constitutional  convention:  Pro- 
vided, That  in  senatorial  districts,  the  limits  of  which  shall  be  greater 
than  those  of  a  county,  the  board  of  district  canvassers  shall  meet  for  the 
purpose  of  canvassing  the  vote  on  delegates  to  the  constitutional  convention 
on  the  first  day  of  October,  nineteen  hundred  seven.  All  laws  not  incon- 
sistent with  this  act,  regulating  the  election  of  public  officers  at  general 
elections,  shall  be  applicable  to  election  of  delegates  to  such  convention, 
except  as  herein  otherwise  provided. 

Section  5.  The  electors  may  elect  as  a  delegate  any  male  citizen  of 
this  state  above  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  who  is  a  resident  of  the  dis- 
trict in  which  he  is  chosen.  In  case  a  vacancy  occurs  by  reason  of  death, 
resignation  or  otherwise,  the  governor  may  appoint  some  duly  qualified 
resident  of  such  district  to  fill  such  vacancy,  and  the  person  so  appointed 
shall,  by  virtue  of  such  appointment,  be  a  member  of  said  convention, 
entitled  to  the  same  compensation,  and  in  all  respects  have  the  same  rights 
as  if  he  had  been  originally  elected  a  delegate. 

Section  6.  The  delegates  so  chosen  shall  meet  in  convention  in  the 
hall  of  the  house  of  representatives  in  the  capitol  in  the  city  of  Lansing, 
on  the  fourth  Tuesday  in  October,  nineteen  hundred  seven,  at  eleven 
o'clock  in  the  forenoon.  A  majority  of  the  delegates  elect  shall  consti- 
tute a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of  business,  but  a  smaller  number  shall 

30 


have  the  power  to  adjourn  from  day  to  day  and  compel  the  attendance 
of  absent  members.  The  convention  shall  organize  by  the  election  of  one 
of  their  own  number  as  president  and  one  as  president  pro  tem.  They 
shall  also  choose  such  secretaries,  sergeants-at-arms,  clerks,  an  official 
stenographer,  who  shall  choose  his  assistants,  messengers  and  other  at- 
tendants as  they  may  deem  necessary  for  the  proper  transaction  of  busi- 
ness. They  shall  adopt  their  own  rules  of  order,  shall  be  the  absolute 
judges  of  the  election,  qualification  and  return  of  their  own  members  and 
may  punish  for  contempt  by  fine  or  imprisonment  in  their  discretion, 
but  no  term  of  imprisonment  shall  continue  beyond  the  day  of  final  ad- 
journment of  the  convention.  The  convention  shall  have  power  to  fix 
the  duties  and  compensation  of  its  officers  and  employes.  The  compen- 
sation of  the  delegates  of  said  convention  shall  be  ten  dollars  per  day  dur- 
ing the  session  of  the  convention,  and  ten  cents  per  mile  for  every  mile 
traveled  by  the  nearest  practicable  route  in  going  to  and  returning  from 
the  place  of  holding  the  convention,  but  no  per  diem  shall  be  paid  for  any 
services  rendered  after  January  thirty-first,  nineteen  hundred  eight.  The 
compensation  of  the  delegates  and  of  the  officers  and  employes  of  the  con- 
vention and  all  incidental  expenses  of  the  convention  shall  be  paid  in  the 
same  manner  as  is  provided  by  law  for  the  payment  of  similar  claims  in 
the  legislature.  The  delegates  and  the  convention  shall  be  supplied  all 
needful  stationery  in  the  manner  provided  in  the  case  of  the  legislature. 
It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  state  to  attend  said  convention  at 
the  opening  thereof,  to  call  the  roll  thereof  according  to  the  returns  on 
file  in  his  office,  which  shall  be  certified  to  the  convention  by  him,  to  ad- 
minister the  constitutional  oath  of  office  to  the  members,  and  to  preside 
at  all  meetings  thereof  until  a  president  has  been  elected  and  has  taken 
his  seat ;  but  the  secretary  of  state  shall  have  no  vote  therein.  All  public 
officers,  civil  and  military,  and  all  boards  and  commissioners  shall  promptly 
furnish  said  convention  with  all  such  information,  papers,  statements, 
books  or  other  public  documents  in  their  possession  as  the  said  conven- 
tion shall  order  or  require  for  its  use,  from  time  to  time,  while  in  session. 

Section  7.  A  journal  of  the  proceedings  of  said  convention  shall  be 
kept  and  printed  daily  and  be  given  to  each  member;  this  journal  may 
be  mailed  by  the  secretary  to  any  person  who  may  request  it.  The 
journals  and  debates  of  the  convention  shall  be  published  in  such  form 
and  style  as  may  be  determined  by  the  convention,  and  when  so  published 

31 


they  shall  be  deemed  the  official  records  of  such  convention.  All  claims 
for  paper,  stationery,  printing  and  binding  shall  be  audited,  allowed  and 
paid  by  the  board  of  state  auditors  in  the  manner  provided  by  law  and 
contracts  therefor.  The  board  of  state  auditors,  previous  to  the  meeting 
of  the  convention,  shall  prepare  the  hall  of  representatives  and  the  senate 
chamber  and  the  rooms  connected  therewith,  for  the  use  and  occupation 
of  the  convention  during  its  session.  The  doors  of  the  convention  shall 
be  kept  open  to  the  public  during  all  of  its  sessions.  Every  delegate  to 
the  convention  shall  in  all  cases  except  treason,  felony  or  breach  of  the 
peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest.  They  shall  not  be  subject  to  any  civil 
process  during  the  session  of  the  convention,  or  for  fifteen  days  next  be- 
fore the  commencement  and  after  the  final  adjournment  of  the  same. 
For  any  speech  or  debate  in  the  convention  the  members  shall  not  be 
questioned  in  any  other  place. 

Section  8.  After  the  convention  shall  have  approved  the  draft  of  the 
proposed  new  constitution,  the  same  shall  be  printed  in  the  same  manner 
as  acts  of  the  legislature  for  presentation  to  the  governor,  shall  be  signed 
by  the  president  and  secretary,  and,  when  so  signed,  shall  be  deposited 
in  the  office  of  the  secretary  of  state  and  shall  be  deemed  the  official  copy 
of  the  proposed  constitution  as  adopted  by  the  convention.  The  revised 
constitution  shall  be  submitted  by  the  convention  to  the  people  for  adop- 
tion or  rejection  as  a  whole,  on  the  first  Monday  in  April,  nineteen  hun- 
dred eight.  Every  person  entitled  to  vote  for  members  of  the  legislature 
at  a  general  election  may  vote  on  such  adoption  or  rejection;  and  the 
board  of  election  commissioners  in  each  county  in  this  state  shall  cause 
to  be  printed  in  an  appropriate  place  on  the  ballot  prepared  for  the  pur- 
pose, the  words : 

"Adoption  of  the  Revised  Constitution,  (  )  Yes." 

"Adoption  of  the  Revised  Constitution,  (  )  No." 

Should  the  revised  constitution  so  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  electors  of 
this  state  receive  more  votes  in  its  favor  than  shall  be  cast  against  it,  it 
shall  be  declared  adopted  as  the  constitution  of  this  state,  otherwise  it 
shall  be  rejected,  and  all  votes  cast  at  such  election  shall  be  taken,  counted, 
canvassed  and  returned  as  provided  by  law  for  the  election  of  state  offi- 
cers. 

Section  9.  All  wilful  and  corrupt  false  swearing,  in  taking  any  of  the 
oaths  prescribed  by  this  act,  or  by  the  laws  of  this  state  made  applicable 

32 


to  this  act,  or  in  any  other  mode  or  form  in  carrying  into  effect  this  act, 
shall  be  punished  in  the  manner  now  prescribed  by  law  for  wilful  and 
corrupt  perjury. 

Section  lo.  The  convention  shall,  before  its  adjournment,  prepare  and 
adopt  an  address  to  the  people  of  the  state,  explaining  the  proposed  changes  in 
the  present  constitution,  the  reasons  for  each  change,  and  such  other  matters 
as  to  the  convention  shall  seem  advisable.  Not  less  than  three  hundred 
thousand  copies  of  this  address,  in  pamphlet  form,  containing  the  full 
text  of  the  revised  constitution,  shall  be  printed  and  distributed  as  the 
convention  shall  direct.  The  board  of  state  auditors  is  hereby  authorized 
to  publish  the  above  address,  together  with  the  full  text  of  the  revised 
constitution,  in  one  newspaper  in  each  county  in  the  state  having  one, 
at  an  expense  not  to  exceed  fifteen  dollars  each,  choosing  for  this  purpose 
in  each  county  one  of  the  newspapers  having  the  largest  circulation. 

This  act  is  ordered  to  take  immediate  effect. 

Approved  June|2 7 ,  1907. 


%e^  nq.  UAsuKy^^juc^ 


Governor. 


33 


CONVENTION  OF  1907-1908. 
(Convened  at  Lansing,  October  22,  1907,  and  adjourned  March  3,  1908.) 

OFFICERS. 

John  J.  Carton,  Flint,     -        -        -        -        -        -  -           President. 

Charles  H.  Watson,  Crystal  Falls,      -        -        -  President  pro  tern. 

Paul  H.  King,  Lansing, -           Secretary. 

Andrew  J.  Scott,  Saginaw,  ------  Sergeant-at-Arms. 

DELEGATES. 

First  District. — Henry  M.  Campbell,  Detroit;  Thomas  H.  Brown,  High- 
land Park;  Louis  E.  Tossy,  Detroit. 

Second  District. — Clarence  M.  Burton,  Detroit;  Levi  L.  Barbour,  Detroit; 
Charles  C.  Simons,  Detroit. 

Third  District. — Patrick  J.  M.  Hally,  Detroit;  Frederick  F.  Ingram,  De- 
troit ;  Joseph  Merrell,  Detroit. 

Fourth  District. — Ignatius  J.  Salliotte,  Ecorse;  William  C.  Manchester, 
Detroit ;  George  W.  Coomer,  Wyandotte. 

Fifth  District. — Clarke  E.  Baldwin,  Adrian;  George  B.  Horton,  Fruit 
Ridge;  Leslie  B.  Robertson,  Adrian. 

Sixth  District. — Hugh  P.  Stewart,  Centerville;  Alfred  Milnes,  Coldwater; 
Victor  Hawkins,  Jonesville. 

Seventh  District. — Walter  C.  Jones,  Marcellus;  Lawrence  C.  Fyfe,  St. 
Joseph;  Victor  M.  Gore,  Benton  Harbor. 

Eighth  District. — Guy  J.  Wicksall,  South  Haven;  Benjamin  F.  Heckert, 
Paw  Paw;  Charles  N.  Thew,  Allegan. 

Ninth  District. — Edwin  C.  Nichols,  Battle  Creek;  Walter  R.  Taylor, 
Kalamazoo;  Delos  Fall,  Albion. 

Tenth  District. — Charles  J.  DeLand,  Jackson;  John  Archibald  Fairlie, 
Ann  Arbor;  Martin  J.  Cavanaugh,  Ann  Arbor. 

34 


Eleventh  District. — George  W.  Moore,  Port  Huron;  Nathan  S.  Boynton, 
Port  Huron;  Jefferson  G.  Brown,  Avoca. 

Twelfth  District. — William  H.  Acker,  Richmond;  Kleber  P.  Rockwell, 
Pontiac;  Andrew  L.  Moore,  Pontiac. 

Thirteenth  District. — John  J.  Carton,  Flint;  Jay  C.  Walton,  Howell; 
Herbert  L.  Freeman,  Flushing. 

Fourteenth  District. — Wm.  M.  Kilpatrick,  Owosso;  Albert  B.  Cook, 
Owosso,  R.  F.  D. ;  Lawton  T.  Hemans,  Mason. 

Fifteenth  District. — ^John  M.  C.  Smith,  Charlotte;  Charles  H.  Thomas, 
Hastings ;  Edward  A.  Turnbull,  Grand  Ledge. 

Sixteenth  District. — James  F.  Barnett,  Grand  Rapids;  Henry  T.  Heald, 
Grand  Rapids;  Edgar  J.  Adams,  Grand  Rapids. 

Seventeenth  District. — Roger  I.  Wykes,  Grand  Rapids ;  Horace  T.  Barnaby, 
Jr.,  Grand  Rapids;  George  E.  Rowe,  Grand  Rapids,  R.  F.  D. 

Eighteenth  District. — Frederick  J.  Baldwin,  Coral;  Herbert  E.  Powell, 
Ionia;  Justin  L.  Sutherland,  Portland. 

Nineteenth  District. — Henry  E.  Walbridge,  St.  Johns;  John  W.  Holmes, 
Alma;  Frank  R.  Monfort,  Ithaca. 

Twentieth  District. — Charles  D.  Thompson,  Bad  Axe;  James  H.  Hall, 
Port  Austin;  William  Dawson,  Sandusky. 

Twenty-first  District. — Theron  W.  Atwood,  Caro;  William  E.  Brown, 
Lapeer;  Walter  S.  Wixon,  Caro. 

Twenty-second  District.— John  Baird,  Zilwaukee;  Wellington  R.  Burt, 
Saginaw;  Ernest  A.  Snow,  Saginaw. 

Twenty-third  District. — Charles  M.  Black,  Muskegon;  Colon  C.  Lillie, 
Coopersville ;  William  E.  Osmun,  Montague. 

Twenty-fourth  District. — Floyd  L.  Post,  Midland;  Frank  S.  Pratt,  Bay 
City;  James  Van  Kleeck,  Bay  City. 

Twenty-fifth  District. — Archibald  Broomfield,  Big  Rapids;  Alfred  M. 
Fleischhauer,  Reed  City;  Edwin  O.  Shaw,  Newaygo. 

Twenty-sixth  District. — Roswell  P.  Bishop,  Ludington  (a) ;  Ozro  N. 
Cranor,  Ludington  (b) ;  Frederick  J.  Russell,  Hart;  Robert  S.  Babcock, 
Manistee. 

Twenty-seventh  District. — Leonard  F.  Knowles,  Boyne  City;  Medor  E. 
Louisell,  Frankfort;  Eugene  F.  Sawyer,  Cadillac. 


(a)  Resigned. 

(b)  Appointed  November  27,  1907,  vice  Roswell  P.  Bishop,  resigned. 

35 


Twenty-eighth  District. — Eugene  Foster,  Gladwin ;  Osmond  H.  Smith, 
Harrisville;  Henry  H.  Woodruff,  Roscommon. 

Twenty-ninth  District. — Andrew  L.  Deuel,  Harbor  Springs;  Merritt 
Chandler,  Onaway ;  Willis  L.  Townsend,  Gaylord. 

Thirtieth  District. — Albert  E.  Sharp,  Sault  Ste.  Marie;  Frank  D.  Mead, 
Escanaba;  William  J.  Oberdorffer,  Stephenson. 

Thirty-first  District. — Richard  C.  Flannigan,  Norway;  Charles  H.  Watson, 
Crystal  Falls;  David  T.  Morgan,  Republic. 

Thirty-second  District. — Gordon  R.  Campbell,  Calumet;  William  D.  Cal- 
verley,  Houghton;  Calvin  E.  Houk,  Ironwood. 

The  constitutional  convention  of  1907-8  consisted  of  96  delegates,  who 
were  elected  September  17,  1907,  according  to  the  provisions  of  act  No. 
272  of  1907.  Three  delegates  were  elected  from  each  of  the  thirty-two 
senatorial  districts  as  districted  by  act  No.  264  of  1895.  The  convention 
convened  at  Lansing,  October  22,  1907,  and  completed  the  revision  March 
3,  1908.  The  new  constitution  was  submitted  to  the  people  November 
3,  1908,  pursuant  to  a  writ  of  mandamus  issued  out  of  the  supreme  court 
March  9,  1908,  and  adopted  by  a  vote  of  244,705  to  130,783. 


36 


CONSTITUTION   OF    1907-1908. 

TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 

Article  I. — Boundaries  and  seat  of  government. 

Article  II. — Declaration  of  rights. 

Article  III. — Elective  franchise. 

Article  IV. — Division  of  the  powers  of  government. 

Article  V. — Legislative  department. 

Article  VI. — Executive  department. 

Article  VII. — Judicial  department. 

Article  VIII. — Local  government. 

Article  IX. — Impeachments  and  removals  from  office. 

Article  X.^ — Finance  and  taxation. 

Article  XI. — Education. 

Article  XII. — Corporations. 

Article  XIII. — Eminent  domain. 

Article  XIV. — Exemptions. 

Article  XV. — Militia. 

Article  XVI. — Miscellaneous^ provisions. 

Article  XVII. — Amendment  and  revision. 

Schedule. 

Note. — In  printing  the  constitution  of  1909,  a  comparison  is  made  with 
the  constitution  of  1850.  Italicized  words  indicate  new  matter.  Refer- 
ences are  to  articles  and  sections  of  the  constitution  of  1850,  unless  other- 
wise specified.  Sections  of  the  constitution  of  1850,  eliminated  by  the 
present  constitution,  immediately  follow  the  schedule. 


17 


CONSTITUTION. 
PREAMBLE. 

We,  the  people  of  the  state  of  Michigan,  grateful  to  Almighty  God  for 
the  blessings  of  freedom,  and  earnestly  desiring  to  secure  these  blessings 
undiminished  to  ourselves  and  our  posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish  this 
constitution. 

The  change  was  made  to  give  recognition  in  the  constitution  to  the  Su- 
preme Being. 

ARTICLE  I. 

BOUNDARIES    AND    SEAT    OF    GOVERNMENT. 

Section  i.  The  state  of  Michigan  consists  of  and  has  jurisdiction  over 
the  territory  enjbraced  within  the  following  boundaries,  to  wit:  Com- 
mencing at  a  point  on  the  eastern  boundary  line  of  the  state  of  Indiana, 
where  a  direct  line  drawn  from  the  southern  extremity  of  Lake  Michigan 
to  the  most  northerly  cape  of  Maumee  Bay  shall  intersect  the  same — said 
point  being  the  northwest  point  of  the  state  of  Ohio,  as  established  by  act 
of  congress,  entitled  "An  act  to  establish  the  northern  boundary  line  of  the 
state  of  Ohio,  and  to  provide  for  the  admission  of  the  state  of  Michigan  into 
the  Union  upon  the  conditions  therein  expressed,"  approved  June  fifteenth, 
eighteen  hundred  thirty -six;  thence  with  the  said  boundary  line  of  the 
state  of  Ohio,  until  it  intersects  the  boundary  line  between  the  United 
States  and  Canada  in  Lake  Erie;  thence  with  the  said  boundary  line  be- 
tween the  United  States  and  Canada  through  the  Detroit  river,  Lake 
Huron  and  Lake  Superior  to  a  point  where  the  said  line  last  touches  Lake 
Superior;  thence  in  a  direct  line  through  Lake  Superior  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Montreal  river ;  thence  through  the  middle  of  the  main  channel  of  the 
westerly  branch  of  the  Montreal  river  to  Island  Lake,  the  head  waters 
thereof;  thence  in  a  direct  line  to  the  center  of  the  channel  between  Middle 

39 


and  South  Islands  in  the  Lake  of  the  Desert ;  thence  in  a  direct  line  to  the 
southern  shore  of  Lake  Brule;  thence  along  said  southern  shore  and  down 
the  River  Brule  to  the  main  channel  of  the  Menominee  river;  thence  down 
the  center  of  the  main  channel  of  the  same  to  the  center  of  the  most  usual 
ship  channel  of  the  Green  Bay  of  Lake  Michigan ;  thence  through  the  center 
of  the  most  usual  ship  channel  of  the  said  bay  to  the  middle  of  Lake  Michi- 
gan ;  thence  through  the  middle  of  Lake  Michigan  to  the  northern  boundary 
of  the  state  of  Indiana,  as  that  line  was  established  by  the  act  of  congress 
of  the  nineteenth  of  April,  eighteen  hundred  sixteen ;  thence  due  east  with 
the  north  boundary  line  of  the  said  state  of  Indiana  to  the  northeast  comer 
thereof ;  and  thence  south  with  the  eastern  boundary  line  of  Indiana  to  the 
place  of  beginning. 

The  boundaries  of  the  state  are  preserved  as  defined  in  the  constitution 
of  1850. 

Sec.  2.  The  seat  of  government  shall  be  at  Lansing,  where  it  is  now 
established. 

No  change  from  Art.  II. 

ARTICLE  11. 

DECLARATION    OF    RIGHTS. 

Section  i.     All  political  power  is  inherent  in  the  people.     Government 
is  instituted  for  their  equal  benefit,  security  and  protection. 
New. 

Sec.  2.  The  people  have  the  right  peaceably  to  assemble,  to  consult 
for  the  common  good,  to  instruct  their  representatives  and  to  petition  the 
legislature  for  redress  of  grievances. 

No  change  from  Sec.  10,  Art.  XVIII. 

Sec.  3.  Every  person  shall  be  at  liberty  to  worship  God  according  to 
the  dictates  of  his  own  conscience.  No  person  shall  be  compelled  to  at- 
tend, or,  against  his  consent,  to  contribute  to  the  erection  or  support  of 
any  place  of  religious  worship,  or  to  pay  tithes,  taxes  or  other  rates  for  the 
support  of  any  minister  of  the  gospel  or  teacher  of  religion.  No  money 
shall  be  appropriated  or  drawn  from  the  treasury  for  the  benefit  of  any 
religious  sect  or  society,  theological  or  religious  seminary;  nor  shall  prop- 

40 


erty  belonging  to  the  state  be  appropriated  for  any  such  purpose.  The 
civil  and  political  rights,  privileges  and  capacities  of  no  person  shall  be 
diminished  or  enlarged  on  account  of  his  religious  belief. 

No  change  from  Sees.  39,  40  and  41,  Art.  IV,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  4.  Every  person  may  freely  speak,  write  and  publish  his  senti- 
ments on  all  subjects,  being  responsible  for  the  abuse  of  such  right;  and 
no  law  shall  be  passed  to  restrain  or  abridge  the  liberty  of  speech  or  of  the 
press. 

No  change  from  Sec.  42,  Art.  IV,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  5.  Every  person  has  a  right  to  bear  arms  for  the  defense  of  himself 
and  the  state. 

No  change  from  Sec.  7,  Art.  XVIII. 

Sec.  6.     The  military  shall  in  all  cases  and  at  all  times  be  in  strict  sub- 
ordination to  the  civil  power. 
No  change  from  Sec.  8,  Art.  XVIII. 

Sec.  7,  No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in  any  house 
without  the  consent  of  the  owner  or  occupant,  nor  in  time  of  war,  except 
in  a  manner  prescribed  by  law. 

No  change  from  Sec.  9,  Art.  XVIII. 

Sec.  8.     Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  unless  for  the  pun- 
ishment of  crime,  shall  ever  be  tolerated  in  this  state. 
No  change  from  Sec.  11,  Art.  XVIII. 

Sec.  9.  No  bill  of  attainder,  ex  post  facto  law  or  law  impairing  the 
obligation  of  contracts  shall  be  passed. 

No  change  from  Sec.  43,  Art.  IV,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  10.  The  person,  houses,  papers  and  possessions  of  every  person 
shall  be  secure  from  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures.  No  warrant 
to  search  any  place  or  to  seize  any  person  or  things  shall  issue  without 
I  describing  them,  nor  without  probable  cause,  supported  by  oath  or  affirma- 

tion. 

No  change  from  Sec.  26,  Art.  VI. 

Sec.  II.     The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  sus- 

41 


pended  unless  in  case  of  rebellion  or  invasion  the  public  safety  may  re- 
quire it. 

No  change  from  Sec.  44,  Art.  IV,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  12.  Any  suitor  in  any  court  of  this  state  shall  have  the  right  to 
prosecute  or  defend  his  suit,  either  in  his  own  proper  person  or  by  an  at- 
torney or  agent  of  his  choice. 

No  change  from  Sec.  24,  Art.  VI. 

Sec.  13.  The  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  remain,  but  shall  be  deemed 
to  be  waived  in  all  civil  cases  unless  demanded  by  one  of  the  parties  in  such 
manner  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

No  change  from  Sec.  27,  Art.  VI. 

Sec.  14.  No  person,  after  acquittal  upon  the  merits,  shall  be  tried  for 
the  same  offense.  All  persons  shall,  before  conviction,  be  bailable  by 
sufficient  sureties,  except  for  murder  and  treason  when  the  proof  is  evident 
or  the  presumption  great. 

No  change  from  Sec.  29,  Art.  VI. 

Sec.  15.  Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required;  excessive  fines  shall  not 
be  imposed;  cruel  or  unusual  punishment  shall  not  be  inflicted;  nor  shall 
witnesses  be  unreasonably  detained. 

No  change  from  Sec.  31,  Art.  VI. 

Sec.  16.  No  person  shall  be  compelled  in  any  criminal  case  to  be  a  wit- 
ness against  himself,  or  be  deprived  of  life,  liberty  or  property,  without 
due  process  of  law. 

No  change  from  Sec.  32,  Art.  VI. 

Sec.  17.     No  person  shall  be  rendered  incompetent  to  be  a  witness  on 
account  of  his  opinions  on  matters  of  religious  belief. 
No  change  from  Sec.  34,  Art.  VI. 

Sec.  18.  In  all  prosecutions  for  libels  the  truth  may  be  given  in  evi- 
dence to  the  jury ;  and,  if  it  shall  appear  to  the  jury  that  the  matter  charged 
as  libelous  is  true  and  was  published  with  good  motives  and  for  justifi- 
able ends,  the  accused  shall  be  acquitted. 

Sec.  25,  Art.  VI.  "The  jury  shall  have  the  right  to  determine  the  law 
and  the  fact' '  omitted. 

42 


Sec.  19.  In  every  criminal  prosecution,  the  accused  shall  have  the 
right  to  a  speedy  and  public  trial  by  an  impartial  jury,  which  may  consist 
of  less  than  twelve  men  in  all  courts  not  of  record ;  to  be  informed  of  the 
nature  of  the  accusation ;  to  be  confronted  with  the  witnesses  against  him ; 
to  have  compulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in  his  favor;  to  have 
the  assistance  of  counsel  for  his  defense;  and  in  courts  of  record,  when  the 
trial  covirt  shall  so  order,  to  have  such  reasonable  assistance  as  may  he  necessary 
to  perfect  and  prosecute  an  appeal. 

Sec.  28,  Art.  VI. 

Sec.  20.  No  person  shall  be  imprisoned  for  debt  arising  out  of,  or 
founded  on  a  contract,  express  or  implied,  except  in  cases  of  fraud  or  breach 
of  trust,  or  of  moneys  collected  by  public  officers  or  in  any  professional 
employment.  No  person  shall  be  imprisoned  for  a  military  fine  in  time  of 
peace. 

No  change  from  Sec.  33,  Art.  VI. 

Sec.  21.  Treason  against  the  state  shall  consist  only  in  levying  war 
against  it  or  in  adhering  to  its  enemies,  giving  them  aid  and  comfort.  No 
person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason  unless  upon  the  testimony  of  two  wit- 
nesses to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on  confession  in  open  court. 

No  change  from  Sec.  30,  Art.  VI,  except  in  phraseology. 

ARTICLE  III. 

ELECTIVE    FRANCHISE. 

Section  i.  In  all  elections,  every  male  inhabitant  of  this  state,  being 
a  citizen  of  the  United  States ;  every  male  inhabitant  residing  in  this  state 
on  the  twenty-fourth  day  of  June,  eighteen  hundred  thirty-five;  every 
male  inhabitant  residing  in  this  state  on  the  first  day  of  January,  eighteen 
hundred  fifty;  every  male  inhabitant  of  foreign  birth  who,  having  resided 
in  the  state  two  years  and  six  months  prior  to  the  eighth  day  of  November, 
eighteen  hundred  ninety-four,  and  having  declared  his  intention  to  become 
a  citizen  of  the  United  States  two  years  and  six  months  prior  to  said  last 
named  day ;  and  every  civilized  male  inhabitant  of  Indian  descent,  a  native 
of  the  United  States  and  not  a  member  of  any  tribe,  shall  be  an  elector 
and  entitled  to  vote;  but  no  one  shall  be  an  elector  or  entitled  to  vote  at 

43 


any  election  unless  he  shall  be  above  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  and  has 
resided  in  this  state  six  months  and  in  the  township  or  ward  in  which  he 
offers  to  vote  twenty  days  next  preceding  such  election:  Provided,  That 
in  time  of  war,  insurrection  or  rebellion  no  qualified  elector  in  the  actual 
military  service  of  the  United  States  or  of  this  state,  or  in  the  army  or 
navy  thereof,  shall  be  deprived  of  his  vote  by  reason  of  his  absence  from 
the  township,  ward  or  state  in  which  he  resides;  and  the  legislature  shall 
provide  by  law  the  manner  in  which  and  the  time  and  place  at  which  such 
absent  electors  may  vote,  and  for  the  canvass  and  return  of  their  votes. 
Sec.  I,  Art.  VII.     Certain  unnecessary  words  are  omitted. 

Sec.  2.  No  elector  shall  be  deemed  to  have  gained  or  lost  a  residence 
by  reason  of  his  being  employed  in  the  service  of  the  United  States  or  of 
this  state,  nor  while  engaged  in  the  navigation  of  the  waters  of  this  state 
or  of  the  United  States  or  of  the  high  seas,  nor  while  a  student  at  any 
institution  of  learning,  nor  while  kept  at  any  almshouse  or  other  asylum 
at  public  expense,  nor  while  confined  in  any  public  prison;  except  that 
honorably  discharged  soldiers,  seamen  and  marines  who  have  served  in 
the  military  or  naval  forces  of  the  United  States  or  of  this  state  and  who 
reside  in  soldiers'  homes  established  by  this  state  may  acquire  a  residence 
where  such  home  is  located. 

Sec.  5,  Art.  VII. 

Sec.  3.  No  soldier,  seaman  or  marine  in  the  army  or  navy  of  the  United 
States  shall  be  deemed  a  resident  of  this  state  in  consequence  of  being  sta- 
tioned in  any  military  or  naval  place  within  the  state. 

Sec.  7,  Art.  VII. 

Sec.  4.  Whenever  any  question  is  submitted  to  a  vote  of  the  electors 
which  involves  the  direct  expenditure  of  public  money  or  the  issue  of 
bonds,  every  woman  having  the  qualifications  of  male  electors  who  has 
property  assessed  for  taxes  in  any  part  of  the  district  or  territory  to  be 
affected  by  the  result  of  such  election  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  thereon. 

New. 

Sec.  5.  Every  elector  in  all  cases,  except  for  treason,  felony  or  breach 
of  the  peace,  shall  be  privileged  from  arrest  during  his  attendance  at  elec- 
tions and  in  going  to  and  returning  from  the  same. 

Sec.  3,  Art.  VII. 

44 


Sec.  6.  No  elector  shall  be  obliged  to  do  militia  duty  on  the  day  of 
election,  except  in  time  of  war  or  public  danger,  or  to  attend  court  as  a 
suitor  or  vitness. 

No  change  from  Sec.  4,  Art.  VII. 

Sec.  7.     All  votes  shall  be  given  by  ballot,  except  for  such  township 
officers  as  may  be  authorized  by  law  to  be  otherwise  chosen. 
No  change  from  Sec.  2,  Art.  VII. 

Sec.  8.     Laws  shall  be  passed  to  preserve  the  purity  of  elections  and 
guard  against  abuses  of  the  elective  franchise. 
Sec.  6,  Art.  VII. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

DIVISION    OF    THE    POWERS    OF    GOVERNMENT. 

Section  t.     The  powers  of  government  are  divided  into  three  depart- 
ments:    The  legislative,  executive  and  judicial. 
No  change  from  Sec.  i.  Art.  III. 

Sec.  2,  No  person  belonging  to  one  department  shall  exercise  the 
powers  properly  belonging  to  another,  except  in  the  cases  expressly  pro- 
vided in  this  constitution. 

No  change  from  Sec.  2,  Art.  III. 

ARTICLE  V. 
legislative  department. 

Section  i.  The  legislative  power  is  vested  in  a  senate  and  a  house  of 
representatives . 

No  change  from  Sec.  i,  Art.  IV. 

Sec  2,  The  senate  shall  consist  of  thirty -two  members.  Senators 
shall  be  elected  for  two  years  and  by  single  districts.  Such  districts  shall 
be  numbered  from  one  to  thirty -two,  inclusive,  each  of  which  shall  choose 
one  senator.  No  county  shall  be  divided  in  the  formation  of  senatorial 
districts,  unless  such  county  shall  be  equitably  entitled  to  two  or  more 
senators. 

Sec.  2,  Art.  IV. 

Sec  3.     The  house  of  representatives  shall  consist  of  not  less   than 

45 


sixty-four  nor  more  than  one  hundred  members.  Representatives  shall 
be  chosen  for  two  years  and  by  single  districts,  which  shall  contain  as  nearly 
as  may  be  an  equal  number  of  inhabitants  and  shall  consist  of  convenient 
and  contiguous  territory ;  but  no  township  or  city  shall  be  divided  in  the 
formation  of  a  representative  district.  When  any  township  or  city  shall 
contain  a  population  which  entitles  it  to  more  than  one  representative 
then  such  township  or  city  shall  elect  by  general  ticket  the  number  of 
representatives  to  which  it  is  entitled.  Each  county,  with  such  territory 
as  may  be  attached  thereto,  shall  be  entitled  to  a  separate  representative 
when  it  has  attained  a  population  equal  to  a  moiety  of  the  ratio  of  rep- 
resentation. In  every  county  entitled  to  more  than  one  representative, 
the  board  of  supervisors  shall  assemble  at  such  time  and  place  as  shall 
be  prescribed  by  law,  divide  the  same  into  representative  districts  equal 
to  the  number  of  representatives  to  which  such  county  is  entitled  by  law, 
and  shall  cause  to  be  filed  in  the  offices  of  the  secretary  of  state  and  clerk 
of  such  county  a  description  of  such  representative  districts,  specifying 
the  number  of  each  district  and  population  thereof  according  to  the  last 
preceding  enumeration. 

Sec.  3,  Art.  IV.  The  words  "exclusive  of  persons  of  Indian  descent  who 
are  not  civilized  or  are  members  of  any  tribe' '  omitted. 

Sec.  4.  At  the  session  in  nineteen  hundred  thirteen,  and  each  tenth 
year  thereafter  the  legislature  shall  by  law  rearrange  the  senatorial  dis- 
tricts and  apportion  anew  the  representatives  among  the  counties  and 
districts  according  to  the  number  of  inhabitants,  using  as  a  basis  for  such 
apportionment  the  last  preceding  United  States  census  of  this  state.  Each 
apportionment  so  made,  and  the  division  of  any  county  into  representa- 
tive districts  by  its  board  of  supervisors,  made  thereunder,  shall  not  be 
altered  until  the  tenth  year  thereafter. 

Sec.  4,  Art.  IV.  This  section  abolishes  the  state  census  and  bases  the 
decennial  apportionment  of  representatives  upon  the  United  States  census. 

Sec.  5.  Each  senator  and  representative  shall  be  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States  and  a  quaHfied  elector  of  the  district  he  represents,  and  his  removal 
from  the  district  shall  be  deemed  a  vacation  of  the  office. 

No  change  from  Sec.  5,  Art.  IV,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  6.  No  person  holding  any  office  under  the  United  States  or  this 
state  or  any  county  office,  except  notaries  public,  officers  of  the  militia 

46 


and  officers  elected  by  townships,  shall  be  eligible  to  or  have  a  seat  in 
either  house  of  the  legislature ;  and  all  votes  given  for  any  such  person  shall 
be  void. 

No  change  from  Sec.  6,  Art.  IV. 

Sec.  7.  No  person  elected  a  member  of  the  legislature  shall  receive 
any  civil  appointment  within  this  state  or  to  the  senate  of  the  United 
States  from  the  governor,  except  notaries  public,  or  from  the  governor  and 
senate,  from  the  legislature,  or  any  other  state  authority,  during  the  term 
for  which  he  is  elected.  All  such  appointments  and  all  votes  given  for 
any  person  so  elected  for  any  such  office  or  appointment  shall  be  void.  No 
member  of  the  legislature  shall  be  interested  directly  or  indirectly  in  any 
contract  with  the  state  or  any  county  thereof,  authorized  by  any  law 
passed  during  the  time  for  which  he  is  elected,  nor  for  one  year  there- 
after. 

Sec.  18,  Art.  IV. 

Sec.  8.  Senators  and  representatives  shall  in  all  cases,  except  for 
treason,  felony  or  breach  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  during 
sessions  of  the  legislature  and  for  fifteen  days  next  before  the  commence- 
ment and  after  the  termination  thereof.  They  shall  not  be  subject  to 
any  civil  process  during  the  same  period.  They  shall  not  be  questioned 
in  any  other  place  for  any  speech  in  either  house. 

This  modifies  Sec.  7,  Art.  IV  so  as  to  limit  the  privilege  from  arrest  to 
sessions  of  the  legislature  and  for  15  days  next  preceding  the  commence- 
ment and  15  days  after  the  termination  thereof.  No  other  change  except 
in  phraseology. 

Sec.  9.  The  compensation  of  the  members  of  the  legislature  shall  be 
eight  hundred  dollars  for  the  regular  session.  When  convened  in  extra 
session  their  compensation  shall  be  five  dollars  per  day  for  the  first  twenty 
days  and  nothing  thereafter.  Members  shall  be  entitled  to  ten  cents  per 
mile  and  no  more  for  one  round  trip  to  each  regular  and  special  session  of 
the  legislature  by  the  usually  traveled  route.  Each  member  shall  be  en- 
titled to  one  copy  of  the  laws,  journals  and  documents  of  the  legislature 
of  which  he  is  a  member,  but  shall  not  receive,  at  the  expense  of  the  state, 
books,  newspapers  or  perquisites  of  the  office  not  expressly  authorized  by 
this  constitution. 

Sec.  15,  Art.  IV.     General  revision. 

47 


Sec.  io.  The  president  of  the  senate  and  speaker  of  the  house  of  rep- 
resentatives shall  be  entitled  to  the  same  compensation  and  mileage  as 
members  of  the  legislature  and  no  more. 

No  change  in  meaning  from  Sec.  17,  Art.  IV. 

Sec.  II.  In  case  of  a  contested  election,  compensation  and  mileage 
shall  be  paid  only  to  the  person  declared  to  be  entitled  to  a  seat  by  the 
house  in  which  the  contest  takes  place. 

No  change  from  Sec.  29,  Art.  IV,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  12.  The  election  of  senators  and  representatives,  pursuant  to  the 
provisions  of  this  constitution,  shall  be  held  on  the  Tuesday  succeeding 
the  first  Monday  of  November,  nineteen  hundred  ten,  and  on  the  Tuesday 
succeeding  the  first  Monday  of  November  of  every  second  year  there- 
after. 

Sec.  34,  Art.  IV. 

Sec.  13.  The  legislature  shall  meet  at  the  seat  of  government  on  the 
first  Wednesday  in  January,  nineteen  hundred  nine,  and  on  the  first  Wed- 
nesday in  January  in  every  second  year  thereafter,  and  at  no  other  place 
or  time  unless  as  provided  in  this  constitution ;  and  shall  adjourn  without 
day,  at  such  time  as  shall  be  determined  by  concurrent  resolution,  at 
twelve  o'clock  noon. 

Revision  of  Sees.  32  and  33,  Art.  IV.     No  change  in  effect  except  date. 

Sec.  14.  A  majority  of  each  house  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  do 
business ;  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may  com- 
pel the  attendance  of  absent  members  in  such  manner  and  under  such 
penalties  as  each  house  may  prescribe. 

Sec.  8,  Art.  IV. 

Sec.  15.  Each  house,  except  as  otherwise  provided  in  this  constitution, 
shall  choose  its  own  officers  and  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceedings, 
but  shall  not  adopt  any  rule  that  will  prevent  a  majority  of  the  members 
elected  from  discharging  a  committee  from  the  further  consideration  of 
any  measure.  Each  house  shall  judge  of  the  qualifications,  elections  and 
returns  of  its  members,  and  may,  with  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of 
all  the  members  elected,  expel  a  member.  The  reasons  for  such  expulsion 
shall  be  entered  upon  the  journal,  with  the  names  of  the  members  voting 

48 


on  the  question.     No  member  shall  be  expelled  a  second  time  for  the  same 
cause. 

Revision  of  Sec.  g,  Art.  IV.  This  section  places  control  of  all  bills  in  the 
hands  of  the  majority. 

Sec.  i6.  Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings  and  pub- 
lish the  same,  except  such  parts  as  may  require  secrecy.  The  yeas  and  nays 
of  the  members  of  either  house  on  any  question  shall  be  entered  on  the 
journal  at  the  request  of  one-fifth  of  the  members  present.  Any  member 
of  either  house  may  dissent  from  and  protest  against  any  act,  proceeding 
or  resolution  which  he  may  deem  injurious  to  any  person  or  the  public, 
and  have  the  reason  for  his  dissent  entered  on  the  journal. 

Sec.  lo,  Art.  IV.     Word  "elected"  changed  to  "present." 

Sec.  17.  In  all  elections  by  either  house  or  in  joint  convention  the 
votes  shall  be  given  viva  voce.  All  votes  on  nominations  to  the  senate 
shall  be  taken  by  yeas  and  nays  and  published  with  the  journal  of  its 
proceedings. 

No  change  from  Sec.  11,  Art.  IV. 

Sec.  18.  The  doors  of  each  house  shall  be  open  unless  the  public  wel- 
fare requires  secrecy.  Neither  house  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the 
other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any  other  place  than  where 
the  legislature  may  then  be  in  session. 

No  change  from  Sec,  12,  Art.  IV. 

Sec.  19.     All  legislation  shall  be  by  bill  and  may  originate  in  either  house 
of  the  legislature. 
■  New.     Sec.  13,  Art.  IV. 

Sec.  20.  The  style  of  the  laws  shall  be:  "The  People  of  the  State  of 
Michigan  enact." 

No  change  from  Sec.  48,  Art.  IV. 

Sec.  21.  No  law  shall  embrace  more  than  one  object,  which  shall  be 
expressed  in  its  title.  No  law  shall  be  revised,  altered  or  amended  by 
reference  to  its  title  only;  but  the  act  revised  and  the  section  or  sections 
of  the  act  altered  or  amended  shall  be  re-enacted  and  published  at  length. 
No  act  shall  take  effect  or  be  in  force  until  the  expiration  of  ninety  days 
from  the  end  of  the  session  at  which  the  same  is  passed,  except  that  the 

49 


legislature  may  give  immediate  effect  to  acts  making  appropriations  and  acts 
immediately  necessary  for  the  preservation  of  the  public  peace,  health  or  safety 
by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  members  elected  to  each  house. 

Appropriation  bills  and  acts  necessary  for  the  preservation  of  the  public 
peace,  health  or  safety  only  can  be  given  immediate  effect.  Sees.  20  and 
25,  Art.  IV. 

Sec.  22.  No  bill  shall  be  passed  or  become  a  law  at  any  regular  session 
of  the  legislature  until  it  has  been  printed  and  in  the  possession  of  each 
house  for  at  least  five  days.  No  bill  shall  be  passed  at  a  special  session 
of  the  legislature  on  any  other  subjects  than  those  expressly  stated  in  the 
governor's  proclamation  or  submitted  by  special  message.  No  bill  shall 
be  altered  or  amended  on  its  passage  through  either  house  so  as  to  change 
its  original  purpose. 

New. 

Sec.  23.  Every  bill  shall  be  read  three  times  in  each  house  before  the 
final  passage  thereof.  No  bill  shall  become  a  law  without  the  concurrence 
of  a  majority  of  all  the  members  elected  to  each  house.  On  the  final 
passage  of  all  bills,  the  vote  shall  be  by  yeas  and  nays  and  entered  on  the 
journal. 

Words  "joint  resolution"  omitted.     Sec.  19,  Art.  IV. 

Sec.  24.  The  assent  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  elected  to  each 
house  of  the  legislature  shall  be  requisite  to  every  bill  appropriating  the 
public  money  or  property  for  local  or  private  purposes. 

No  change  from  Sec.  45,  Art.  IV. 

Sec.  25.  Fuel,  stationery,  blanks,  printing  and  binding  for  the  use  of 
the  state  shall  be  furnished  under  contract  or  contracts  with  the  lowest 
bidder  or  bidders  who  shall  give  adequate  and  satisfactory  security  for 
the  performance  thereof.  The  legislature  shall  prescribe  by  law  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  state  printing  shall  be  executed  and  the  accounts  ren- 
dered therefor;  and  shall  prohibit  all  charges  for  constructive  labor.  It 
shall  not  rescind  nor  alter  such  contract,  nor  release  the  person  or  persons 
taking  the  same  or  his  or  their  sureties  from  the  performance  of  any  of 
the  conditions  of  the  contract.  No  member  of  the  legislature  nor  officer 
of  the  state  shall  be  interested  directly  or  indirectly  in  any  such  contract. 

No  change  from  Sec.  22,  Art.  IV,  except  in  phraseology. 

50 


Sec.  26.  The  legislature  may  authorize  the  employment  of  a  chap- 
lain for  each  of  the  state  prisons;  but  no  money  shall  be  appropriated  for 
the  payment  of  any  religious  services  in  either  house  of  the  legislature. 

Sec.  24,  Art.  IV. 

Sec.  27.  The  legislature  may  authorize  a  trial  by  a  jury  of  a  less  num- 
ber than  twelve  men. 

No  change  from  Sec.  46,  Art,  IV. 

Sec.  28.  The  legislature  may  provide  by  law  for  indeterminate  sen- 
tences, so  called,  as  a  punishment  for  crime,  on  conviction  thereof,  and 
for  the  detention  and  release  of  persons  imprisoned  or  detained  on  said 
sentences. 

No  change  from  Sec.  47,  Art.  IV,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  29.  The  legislature  shall  have  power  to  enact  laws  relative  to 
the  hours  and  conditions  under  which  women  and  children  may  be  em- 
ployed. 

New. 

Sec.  30.  The  legislature  shall  pass  no  local  or  special  act  in  any  case 
where  a  general  act  can  be  made  applicable,  and  whether  a  general  act 
can  be  made  applicable  shall  be  a  judicial  question.  No  local  or  special 
act  shall  take  effect  until  approved  by  a  majority  of  the  electors  voting 
thereon  in  the  district  to  be  affected. 

New. 

Sec  31.  The  legislature  shall  not  authorize  by  private  or  special  law 
the  sale  or  conveyance  of  any  real  estate  belonging  to  any  person. 

Sec.  23,  Art.  IV.  Last  clause  of  above  section  transferred  to  Sec.  27, 
Art.  VIII  of  this  constitution. 

Sec  32.     Divorces  shall  not  be  granted  by  the  legislature. 
No  change  from  Sec.  26,  Art.  IV. 

Sec  33.  The  legislature  shall  not  authorize  any  lottery  nor  permit  the 
sale  of  lottery  tickets. 

No  change  from  Sec.  27,  Art.  IV. 

Sec  34.  The  legislature  shall  not  audit  nor  allow  any  private  claim  or 
account. 

No  change  from  Sec.  31,  Art.  IV. 

51 


Sec.  35.     The  legislature  shall  not  establish  a  state  paper. 
No  change  from  Sec.  35,  Art.  IV. 

Sec.  36.  Every  bill  passed  by  the  legislature  shall  be  presented  to  the 
governor  before  it  becomes  a  law.  If  he  approve,  he  shall  sign  it;  if  not, 
he  shall  return  it  with  his  objections  to  the  house  in  which  it  originated, 
which  shall  enter  the  objections  at  large  upon  its  journal  and  reconsider 
it.  On  such  reconsideration,  if  two-thirds  of  the  members  elected  agree 
to  pass  the  bill,  it  shall  be  sent  with  the  objections  to  the  other  house,  by 
which  it  shall  be  reconsidered.  If  approved  by  two-thirds  of  the  mem- 
bers elected  to  that  house,  it  shall  become  a  law.  In  such  case  the  vote  of 
both  houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas  and  nays  and  the  names  of  the 
members  voting  for  and  against  the  bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  journals 
of  each  house,  respectively.  If  any  bill  be  not  returned  by  the  governor 
within  ten  days,  Sundays  excepted,  after  it  has  been  presented  to  him,  it 
shall  become  a  law  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the  legis- 
lature, by  adjournment,  prevents  its  return,  in  which  case  it  shall  not  be- 
come a  law.  The  governor  may  approve,  sign  and  file  in  the  office  of  the 
secretary  of  state  within  five  days,  Sundays  excepted,  after  the  adjourn- 
ment of  the  legislature  any  bill  passed  during  the  last  five  days  of  the  ses- 
sion, and  the  same  shall  become  a  law. 

Revision  of  Sec.  14,  Art.  IV.  Abolishes  distinction  between  concurrent 
and  joint  resolutions. 

Sec.  37.  The  governor  shall  have  power  to  disapprove  of  any  item  or 
items  of  any  bill  making  appropriations  of  money  embracing  distinct 
items;  and  the  part  or  parts  approved  shall  be  the  law;  and  the  item  or 
items  disapproved  shall  be  void,  unless  re-passed  according  to  the  rules 
and  limitations  prescribed  for  the  passage  of  other  bills  over  the  executive 
veto. 

New. 

Sec  38.  Any  bill  passed  by  the  legislature  and  approved  by  the  gov- 
ernor, except  appropriation  bills,  may  be  referred  by  the  legislature  to 
the  qualified  electors ;  and  no  bill  so  referred  shall  become  a  law  unless  ap- 
proved by  a  majority  of  the  electors  voting  thereon. 

New, 

Sec.  39.     All  laws  enacted  at  any  session  of  the  legislature  shall  be  pub- 

52 


lished  in  book  form  within  sixty  days  after  the  final  adjournment  of  the  session, 
and  shall  be  distributed  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  provided  by  law.  The 
speedy  publication  of  such  judicial  decisions  as  may  be  deemed  expedient 
shall  also  be  provided  for  by  law.  All  laws  and  judicial  decisions  shall 
be  free  for  publication  by  any  person. 
Sec.  36,  Art.  IV. 

Sec.  40.  No  general  revision  of  the  laws  shall  hereafter  be  made. 
Whenever  necessary,  the  legislature  shall  by  law  provide  for  a  compila- 
tion of  the  laws  in  force,  arranged  without  alteration,  under  appropriate 
heads  and  titles.  Such  compilation  shall  be  prepared  under  the  direction 
of  commissioners,  appointed  by  the  governor,  who  may  recommend  to  the 
legislature  the  repeal  of  obsolete  laws  and  shall  examine  the  compilation 
and  certify  to  its  correctness.  When  so  certified,  the  compilation  shall 
be  printed  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Revision  of  Sec.  15,  Art.  XVIII.  This  section  gives  the  legislature  con- 
trol over  a  revision,  while  formerly  the  method  was  stated. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

EXECUTIVE    DEPARTMENT. 

Section  i.  There  shall  be  elected  at  each  general  biennial  election  a 
governor,  a  lieutenant  governor,  a  secretary  of  state,  a  state  treasurer,  a 
commissioner  of  the  state  land  office,  an  auditor  general  and  an  attorney 
general,  for  the  term  of  two  years.  They  shall  keep  their  offices  at  the 
seat  of  government,  superintend  them  in  person  and  perform  such  duties 
as  may  be  prescribed  by  law.  The  office  of  commissioner  of  the  state  land 
office  may  be  abolished  by  law. 

Sees.  I  and  3,  Art.  V,  and  Sees,  i  and  2,  Art.  VIII.  The  election  of  a 
superintendent  of  public  instruction  is  provided  for  in  Sec.  2,  Art.  XI, 
herein. 

Sec.  2.     The  chief  executive  power  is  vested  in  the  governor. 

Sec.  I ,  Art.  V.  The  remainder  of  the  section  is  found  in  the  preceding 
section  of  this  article. 

Sec.  3.  The  governor  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  exe- 
cuted; shall  transact  all  necessary  business  with  the  officers  of  govern- 
ment; and  may  require  information  in  writing  from  all  executive  and  ad- 

53 


ministrative  state  officers,  elective  and  appointive,  upon  any  subject  relating 
to  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices. 

Sees.  5  and  6,  Art.  V  combined.  The  governor  may  exercise  power  of 
inquiry  as  to  all  state  officers,  except  judicial  and  legislative. 

Sec.  4.  He  shall  be  commander-in-chief  of  the  military  and  naval 
forces,  and  may  call  out  such  forces  to  execute  the  laws,  to  suppress  in- 
surrection and  to  repel  invasion. 

No  change  from  Sec.  4,  Art.  V,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  5.  He  shall  communicate  by  message  to  the  legislature,  and  at 
the  close  of  his  official  term  to  the  incoming  legislature,  the  condition  of 
the  state,  and  recommend  such  measures  as  he  may  deem  expedient. 

No  change  from  Sec.  8,  Art.  V,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  6.     He  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancies  as  occur 
in  the  senate  or  house  of  representatives. 
No  change  from  Sec.  lo.  Art.  V. 

Sec.  7.     He  may  convene  the  legislature  on  extraordinary  occasions. 
No  change  from  Sec.  7,  Art.  V. 

Sec.  8.     He  may  convene  the  legislature  at  some  other  place  when  the 
seat  of  government  becomes  dangerous  from  disease  or  a  common  enemy. 
No  change  from  Sec.  9,  Art.  V. 

Sec  9.  He  may  grant  reprieves,  commutations  and  pardons  after 
convictions  for  all  offenses,  except  treason  and  cases  of  impeachment, 
upon  such  conditions  and  with  such  restrictions  and  limitations  as  he 
may  think  proper,  subject  to  regulations  provided  by  law  relative  to  the 
manner  of  applying  for  pardons.  Upon  conviction  for  treason,  he  may 
suspend  the  execution  of  the  sentence  until  the  case  shall  be  reported  to 
the  legislature  at  its  next  session,  when  the  legislature  shall  either  pardon 
or  commute  the  sentence,  direct  the  execution  of  the  sentence  or  grant  a 
further  reprieve.  He  shall  communicate  to  the  legislature  at  each  session 
information  of  each  case  of  reprieve,  commutation  or  pardon  granted  and 
the  reasons  therefor. 

No  change  from  Sec.  1 1 ,  Art.  V. 

Sec.  10.     Whenever  a  vacancy  shall  occur  in  any  of  the  state  offices, 

54 


the  governor  shall  fill  the  same  by  appointment,  by  and  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  the  senate,  if  in  session. 
No  change  from  Sec.  3,  Art.  VIII. 

Sec.  II.  All  official  acts  of  the  governor,  except  his  approval  of  the 
laws,  shall  be  authenticated  by  the  great  seal  of  the  state,  which  shall  be 
kept  by  the  secretary  of  state. 

No  change  from  Sec.  18,  Art.  V,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  12.  All  commissions  issued  to  persons  holding  office  under  the 
provisions  of  this  constitution  shall  be  in  the  name  and  by  the  authority 
of  the  people  of  the  state  of  Michigan,  sealed  with  the  great  seal  of  the 
state,  signed  by  the  governor  and  countersigned  by  the  secretary  of  state. 

No  change  from  Sec.  19,  Art.  V. 

Sec.  13.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  to  the  office  of  governor  or  lieu- 
tenant governor  who  shall  not  have  attained  the  age  of  thirty  years  and 
who  has  not  been  five  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  and  a  resident 
of  this  state  two  years  next  preceding  his  election. 

No  change  from  Sec.  2,  Art.  V,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  14.  No  member  of  congress  nor  any  person  holding  office  under 
the  United  States  or  this  state  shall  execute  the  office  of  governor,  except 
as  provided  in  this  constitution. 

Sec.  15,  Art.  V. 

Sec  15.  No  person  elected  governor  or  lieutenant  governor  shall  be 
eligible  to  any  office  or  appointment  from  the  legislature,  or  either  house 
thereof,  during  the  time  for  which  he  was  elected.  All  votes  for  either  of 
them  for  any  such  office  shall  be  void. 

No  change  from  Sec.  16,  Art.  V. 

Sec.  16.  In  case  of  the  impeachment  of  the  governor,  his  removal 
from  office,  death,  inability,  resignation  or  absence  from  the  state,  the 
powers  and  duties  of  the  office  shall  devolve  upon  the  lieutenant  governor 
for  the  residue  of  the  term  or  until  the  disability  ceases.  When  the  gov- 
ernor shall  be  out  of  the  state  at  the  head  of  a  military  force  thereof,  he 
shall  continue  commander-in-chief  of  all  the  military  force  of  the  state. 

Sec.  12,  Art.  V.     Words  "in  time  of  war"  eliminated. 

Sec.  17.     During  a  vacancy  in  the  office  of  governor,  if  the  lieutenant 

55 


governor  die,  resign,  or  be  impeached,  displaced,  be  incapable  of  perform- 
ing the  duties  of  his  office,  or  absent  from  the  state,  the  secretary  of  state 
shall  act  as  governor  until  the  vacancy  be  filled  or  the  disability  cease. 

Sec.  13,  Art.  V.  Secretary  of  state  substituted  for  president  pro  tem- 
pore of  the  senate. 

Sec.  18.  The  lieutenant  governor  or  secretary  of  state,  while  perform- 
ing the  duties  of  governor,  shall  receive  the  same  compensation  as  the 
governor. 

Sec.  17,  Art.  V.     Similar  change  to  that  in  preceding  section. 

Sec.  19.  The  lieutenant  governor  shall  be  president  of  the  senate, 
but  shall  have  no  vote. 

Revision  of  Sec.  14,  Art.  V. 

Sec.  20.  The  secretary  of  state,  state  treasurer  and  commissioner  of 
the  state  land  office  shall  constitute  a  board  of  state  auditors.  They  shall 
examine  and  adjust  all  claims  against  the  state  not  otherwise  provided 
for  by  general  law.  They  shall  constitute  a  board  of  state  canvassers  to 
determine  the  result  of  all  elections  for  governor,  lieutenant  governor, 
state  officers  and  such  other  officers  as  shall  by  law  be  referred  to  them. 
They  shall  act  as  a  state  board  of  escheats  and  a  board  of  fund  commissioners. 
They  shall  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law.  In  case 
the  office  of  commissioner  of  the  state  land  office  is  abolished,  anotJier  state 
officer  shall  be  designated  by  law  as  a  member  of  the  several  boards  mentioned 
in  this  section. 

Sec.  4,  Art.  VIII. 

Sec.  21.  The  governor  and  attorney  general  shall  each  receive  an  an- 
nual salary  of  five  thousand  dollars.  The  secretary  of  state,  state  treas- 
urer, commissioner  of  the  state  land  office  and  auditor  general  shall  each 
receive  an  annual  salary  of  twenty-five  hundred  dollars.  They  shall  re- 
ceive no  fees  or  perquisites  whatever  for  the  performance  of  any  duties 
connected  with  the  offices.  It  shall  not  be  competent  for  the  legislature 
to  increase  the  salaries  herein  provided. 

Sec.  I,  Art.  IX,  Supersedes  provisions  relating  to  salaries  of  officers 
named. 


56 


ARTICLE  VII. 

JUDICIAL    DEPARTMENT. 

Section  i.  The  judicial  power  shall  be  vested  in  one  supreme  court, 
circuit  courts,  probate  courts,  justices  of  the  peace  and  such  other  courts 
of  civil  and  criminal  jurisdiction,  inferior  to  the  supreme  court,  as  the  legis- 
lature may  establish  by  general  law,  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of  the  members  elected 
to  each  house. 

Sec,  I,  Art.  VI. 

the  supreme  court. 

Sec  2.  The  supreme  court  shall  consist  of  one  justice  chief  and  asso- 
ciate justices,  to  be  chosen  by  the  electors  of  the  state  at  the  regular  biennial 
spring  elections ;  and  not  more  than  two  justices  shall  go  out  of  office  at 
the  same  time.     The  term  of  office  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Recasts  Sec,  2,  Art.  VI. 

Sec.  3.     Four  terms  of  the  supreme  court  shall  be  held    annually    at 
such  times  and  places  as  may  be  designated  by  law. 
No  change  from  Sec.  4,  Art.  VI. 

Sec  4.  The  supreme  court  shall  have  a  general  superintending  con- 
trol over  all  inferior  courts;  and  shall  have  power  to  issue  writs  of  error, 
habeas  corpus,  mandamus,  quo  warranto,  procedendo  and  other  original 
and  remedial  writs,  and  to  hear  and  determine  the  same.  In  all  cases  it 
shall  have  appellate  jurisdiction  only. 

No  change  from  Sec.  3,  Art.  VI. 

Sec  5.  The  supreme  court  shall  by  general  rules  establish,  modify 
and  amend  the  practice  in  such  court  and  in  all  other  courts  of  record,  and 
simplify  the  same.  The  legislature  shall,  as  far  as  practicable,  abolish 
distinctions  between  law  and  equity  proceedings.  The  office  of  master  in 
chancery  is  prohibited. 

Sec.  5,  Art.  VI. 

Sec  6.  The  supreme  court  may  appoint  and  remove  its  clerk,  a  re- 
porter of  its  decisions  and  a  court  crier,  each  of  whom  shall  perform  such 
duties  and  receive  such  salary  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law;  and  all  fees, 
perquisites  and  income  collected  by  the  clerk  shall  be  turned  over  by  him  to 

57 


the  state  treasury  and  credited  to  tJw  general  fund.  No  justice  of  the  su- 
preme court  shall  exercise  any  other  power  of  appointment  to  public 
office. 

Portions  of  Sees.  lo  and  12,  Art.  VI.  Adds  appointment  of  court  crier 
and  provides  that  the  clerk  be  paid  a  salary. 

Sec.  7.  Decisions  of  the  supreme  court,  including  all  cases  of  man 
damns,  quo  warranto  and  certiorari,  shall  be  in  writing,  with  a  concise 
statement  of  the  facts  and  reasons  for  the  decisions;  and  shall  be  signed 
by  the  justices  concurring  therein.  Any  justice  dissenting  from  a  de- 
cision shall  give  the  reasons  for  such  dissent  in  writing  under  his  signa- 
ture. All  such  opinions  shall  be  filed  in  the  office  of  the  clerk  of  the  supreme 
court. 

Revises  part  of  Sec,  10,  Art.  VI.  Additional  proceedings  in  the  de- 
cision of  which  the  court  shall  file  written  opinions. 

CIRCUIT    COURTS. 

Sec.  8.  The  state  shall  be  divided  into  judicial  circuits  in  each  of  which 
there  shall  be  elected  one  circuit  judge.  The  legislature  may  provide  by 
law  for  the  election  of  more  than  one  circuit  judge  in  any  judicial  circuit. 
A  circuit  court  shall  be  held  at  least  four  times  in  each  year  in  every  county 
organized  for  judicial  purposes.  Each  circuit  judge  shall  hold  court  in 
the  county  or  counties  within  the  circuit  in  which  he  is  elected,  and  in 
other  circuits  as  may  be  provided  by  law.  The  legislature  may  by  law 
arrange  the  various  circuits  into  judicial  districts,  and  provide  for  the 
manner  of  holding  courts  therein.  Circuits  and  districts  may  be  created, 
altered  or  discontinued  by  law,  but  no  such  alteration  or  discontinuance 
shall  have  the  effect  to  remove  a  judge  from  office. 

General  revision.     Sees.  6,  7  and  11,  Art.  VI. 

Sec.  9.  Circuit  judges  shall  be  elected  on  the  first  Monday  in  April, 
nineteen  hundred  eleven,  and  every  sixth  year  thereafter.  They  shall 
hold  office  for  a  term  of  six  years  and  until  their  successors  are  elected  and 
qualified.  They  shall  be  ineligible  to  any  other  than  a  judicial  office  dur- 
ing the  term  for  which  they  are  elected  and  for  one  year  thereafter. 

Corresponds  with  Sec.  20,  Art.  VI  with  changes  in  phraseology.  Last 
sentence  taken  from  Sec.  9,  Art.  VI. 

Sec.  10.     Circuit  courts  shall  have  original  jurisdiction  in  all  matters 

58 


civil  and  criminal  not  excepted  in  this  constitution  and  not  prohibited  by- 
law, and  appellate  jurisdiction  from  all  inferior  courts  and  tribunals  and 
a  supervisory  control  of  the  same.  They  shall  also  have  power  to  issue 
writs  of  habeas  corpus,  mandamus,  injunction,  quo  warranto  and  cer- 
tiorari and  to  hear  and  determine  the  same;  and  to  issue  such  other  writs 
as  may  be  necessary  to  carry  into  effect  their  orders,  judgments  and  de- 
crees and  give  them  general  control  over  inferior  courts  and  tribunals 
within  their  respective  jurisdictions,  and  in  all  such  other  cases  and  matters 
as  the  supreme  court  shall  by  rule  prescribe. 

No  change  from  Sec.  8,  Art.  VI,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  II.  The  clerk  of  each  county  organized  for  judicial  purposes  shall 
be  clerk  of  the  circuit  court  for  such  county.  The  judges  of  the  circuit 
courts  may  fill  any  vacancy  in  the  offices  of  county  clerk  or  prosecuting 
attorney  within  their  respective  jurisdictions,  but  shall  not  exercise  any 
other  power  of  appointment  to  public  office. 

Revises  portions  of  Sees.  lo  and  12,  Art.  VI.     No  change  in  effect. 

Sec.  12.  Each  of  the  judges  of  the  circuit  courts  shall  receive  a  salary 
payable  monthly.  In  addition  to  the  salary  paid  from  the  state  treasury, 
each  circuit  judge  may  receive  from  any  county  in  which  he  regtdarly  holds 
court  such  additional  salary  as  may  be  determined  from  time  to  time  by  the 
board  of  supervisors  of  the  county.  In  any  county  where  such  additional  salary 
is  granted  it  shall  be  paid  at  the  same  rate  to  all  circuit  judges  regularly 
court  holding  therein. 

Revises  portions  of  Sees.  6  and  9,  Art.  VI. 

PROBATE    COURTS. 

Sec.  13.  In  each  county  organized  for  judicial  purposes,  there  shall 
be  a  probate  court.  The  jurisdiction,  powers  and  duties  of  such  courts 
and  of  the  judges  thereof  shall  be  prescribed  by  law,  and  they  shall  also 
have  original  jurisdiction  in  all  cases  of  juvenile  delinquents  and  depend- 
ents. 

Part  of  Sec.  13,  Art.  VI. 

Sec.  14.  Judges  of  probate  shall  be  elected  in  the  counties  in  which 
they  reside,  and  shall  hold  office  for  four  years  and  until  their  successors 
are  elected  and  qualified.     They  shall  be  elected  on  the  Tuesday  succeed- 

59 


ing  the  first  Monday  of  November,  nineteen  hundred  twelve,  and  every 
four  years  thereafter.  The  legislature  may  provide  by  law  for  the  election 
of  more  than  one  judge  of  probate  in  counties  with  more  than  one  hundred 
thousand  inhabitants,  and  may  provide  for  the  election  of  such  judges  in  such 
counties  at  alternate  biennial  elections. 

Substituted  for  Sec.  21  and  part  of  Sec.  13,  Art.  VI. 

JUSTICES    OF    THE    PEACE. 

Sec.  15.  There  shall  be  elected  in  each  organized  township  not  to 
exceed  four  justices  of  the  peace,  each  of  whom  shall  hold  the  office  for 
four  years  and  until  his  successor  is  elected  and  qualified.  At  the  first 
election  in  any  township  they  shall  be  classified  as  shall  be  prescribed  by 
law.  A  justice  elected  to  fill  a  vacancy  shall  hold  the  office  for  the  residue 
of  the  unexpired  term.  The  legislature  may  provide  by  law  for  justices 
in  cities. 

No  change  from  Sec.  17,  Art.  VI,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  16.  In  civil  cases,  justices  of  the  peace  shall  have  exclusive 
jurisdiction  to  the  amount  of  one  hundred  dollars  and  concurrent  juris- 
diction to  the  amount  of  three  hundred  dollars,  which  may  be  increased 
to  five  hundred  dollars,  with  such  exceptions  and  restrictions  as  may  be 
provided  by  law.  They  shall  also  have  such  criminal  jurisdiction  and 
perform  such  duties  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  18,  Art.  VI.  No  change  except  that  word  "  law "  substituted  for 
"the  legislature." 

GENERAL    PROVISIONS. 

Sec.  17.     The  supreme  court  and  the  circuit  and  probate  courts  of  each 
county  shall  be  courts  of  record,  and  shall  each  have  a  common  seal. 
No  change  from  Sec.  15,  Art.  VI,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  18.  Justices  of  the  supreme  court,  circuit  judges  and  justices  of 
the  peace  shall  be  conservators  of  the  peace  within  their  respective  juris- 
dictions. 

No  change  from  Sec.  19,  Art.  VI,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  19.  Whenever  a  judge  shall  remove  beyond  the  limits  of  the 
jurisdiction  for  which  he  was  elected,  or  a  justice  of  the  peace  from  the 

60 


township  in  which  he  was  elected,  or  by  a  change  in  the  boundaries  of 
such  township  shall  be  placed  without  the  same,  he  shall  be  deemed  to 
have  vacated  the  office. 

No  change  from  Sec.  22,  Art.  VI,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  20.  When  a  vacancy  occurs  in  the  office  of  judge  of  any  court  of 
record,  it  shall  be  filled  by  appointment  of  the  governor,  and  the  person 
appointed  shall  hold  the  office  until  a  successor  is  elected  and  qualified. 
When  elected,  such  successor  shall  hold  the  office  the  residue  of  the  unex- 
pired term. 

No  change  from  Sec.  14,  Art.  VI,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  21.  The  legislature  may  provide  by  law  for  the  election  of  one 
or  more  persons  in  each  organized  county  who  may  be  vested  with  judi- 
cial powers  not  exceeding  those  of  a  judge  of  the  circuit  court  at  cham- 
bers. 

No  change  from  Sec.  16,  Art.  VI. 

Sec.  22.  The  style  of  all  process  shall  be:  "In  the  Name  of  the  People 
of  the  State  of  Michigan." 

No  change  from  Sec.  35,  Art.  VI. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 

LOCAL    government, 
COUNTIES. 

Section  i.  Each  organized  county  shall  be  a  body  corporate,  with 
such  powers  and  immunities  as  shall  be  established  by  law.  All  suits 
and  proceedings  by  or  against  a  county  shall  be  in  the  name  thereof. 

No  change  from  Sec.  i,  Art.  X. 

Sec.  2.  No  organized  county  shall  be  reduced  by  the  organization  of 
new  counties  to  less  than  sixteen  townships  as  surveyed  by  the  United 
States,  unless  in  pursuance  of  law  a  majority  of  electors  voting  on  the 
question  in  each  county  to  be  affected  thereby  shall  so  decide.  When 
any  city  has  attained  a  population  of  otie  hundred  thousand  inhabitants, 
the  legislature  may  organize  it  into  a  separate  county  without  reference 
to  geographical  extent,  if  a  majority  of  the  electors  of  such  city  and  of  the 
remainder  of  the  county  in  which  such  city  may  be  situated  voting  on  the 

61 


question  shall  each  determine  in  favor  of  organizing  said  city  into  a  sep- 
arate county. 

Revision  of  Sec.  2,  Art.  X.  Population  of  a  city  increased  from  20,000 
to  100,000  before  it  may  be  organized  into  a  separate  county;  and  re- 
quires the  affirmative  vote  of  a  majority  of  the  electors  of  the  city  and  of 
the  remainder  of  the  county. 

Sec.  3.  There  shall  be  elected  biennially  in  each  organized  county  a 
sheriff,  a  county  clerk,  a  county  treasurer,  a  register  of  deeds  and  a  prose- 
cuting attorney,  whose  duties  and  powers  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 
The  board  of  supervisors  in  any  county  may  unite  the  offices  of  county 
clerk  and  register  of  deeds  in  one  office  or  separate  the  same  at  pleasure. 

Sec.  3,  Art.  X.  Change  in  phraseology,  and  the  following  words  omit- 
ted, "and  as  often  as  vacancies  shall  happen."  See  Sec.  5,  Art.  XVI, 
herein. 

Sec.  4.     The  sheriff,  county  clerk,  county  treasurer,  judge  of  probate 
and  register  of  deeds  shall  hold  their  offices  at  the  county  seat. 
No  change  from  Sec.  4,  Art.  X. 

Sec.  5.  The  sheriff  shall  hold  no  other  office,  and  shall  be  incapable 
of  holding  the  office  of  sheriff  longer  than  four  in  any  period  of  six  years. 
He  may  be  required  by  law  to  renew  his  security  from  time  to  time,  and, 
in  default  of  giving  such  security,  his  office  shall  be  deemed  vacant.  The 
county  shall  never  be  responsible  for  his  acts. 

No  change  from  Sec.  5,  Art.  X. 

Sec.  6.  The  legislature  shall  by  general  law  provide  for  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  board  of  jury  commissioners  in  each  county;  but  such  law  shall 
not  become  operative  in  any  county  until  a  majority  of  the  electors  of 
the  county  voting  thereon  shall  so  decide. 

New. 

Sec.  7.  A  board  of  supervisors,  consisting  of  one  from  each  organized 
township,  shall  be  established  in  each  county,  with  such  powers  as  shall  be 
prescribed  by  law.  Cities  shall  have  such  representation  in  the  boards 
of  supervisors  of  the  counties  in  which  they  are  situated  as  may  be  pro- 
vided by  law. 

Combines  Sees.  6,  and  7  Art.  X.     No  change  except  in  phraseology. 


62 


Sec.  8.  The  legislature  may  by  general  law  confer  upon  the  boards  of 
supervisors  of  the  several  counties  such  powers  of  a  local,  legislative  and 
administrative  character,  not  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of  this  con- 
stitution, as  it  may  deem  proper. 

Subdivision  of  Sec.  38,  Art.  IV. 

Sec.  9.  The  boards  of  supervisors  shall  have  exclusive  power  to  fix 
the  salaries  and  compensation  of  all  county  officials  not  otherwise  provided 
for  by  law.  The  boards  of  supervisors,  or  in  counties  having  county 
auditors,  such  auditors,  shall  adjust  all  claims  against  their  respective 
counties;  appeals  may  he  taken  from  such  decisions  of  the  boards  of  super- 
visors or  auditors  to  the  circuit  court  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  prescribed 
by  law. 

Supplants  Sec.  10,  Art.  X.  Gives  boards  of  supervisors  exclusive  power 
to  fix  salaries  and  compensation  of  county  officials  not  otherwise  provided 
for  by  law. 

Sec.  10.  The  board  of  supervisors  of  any  county  may  in  any  one  year 
levy  a  tax  of  one-tenth  of  one  mill  on  the  assessed  valuation  of  said  county 
for  the  construction  or  repair  of  public  buildings  or  bridges,  or  may  borrow 
an  equal  sum  for  such  purposes;  and,  in  any  county  where  the  assessed 
valuation  is  less  than  ten  million  dollars,  the  board  may  levy  a  tax  or  borrow 
for  such  purposes  to  the  amount  of  one  thousand  dollars;  but  no  greater 
sum  shall  be  raised  for  such  purposes  in  any  county  in  any  one  year,  un- 
less submitted  to  the  electors  of  the  county  and  approved  by  a  majority 
of  those  voting  thereon. 

Sec.  9,  Art.  X. 

Sec.  II.  Any  county  in  this  state,  either  separately  or  in  conjunction 
with  other  counties,  may  appropriate  money  for  the  construction  and 
maintenance  or  assistance  of  public  and  charitable  hospitals,  sanatoria 
or  other  institutions  for  the  treatment  of  persons  suffering  from  con- 
tagious or  infectious  diseases.  Each  county  may  also  maintain  an  in- 
firmary for  the  care  and  support  of  its  indigent  poor  and  unfortunate,  and 
all  county  poor  houses  shall  hereafter  be  designated  and  maintained  as 
county  infirmaries. 

New. 


63 


Sec.  12.     No  county  shall  incur  any  indebtedness  which  shall  increase 
its  total  debt  beyond  three  per  cent  of  its  assessed  valuation. 
Subdivision  of  Sec.  49,  Art.  IV. 

Sec.  13.  No  county  seat  once  established  shall  be  removed  until  the 
place  to  which  it  is  proposed  to  be  removed  shall  be  designated  by  two- 
thirds  of  the  board  of  supervisors  of  the  coimty,  and  a  majority  of  the 
electors  voting  thereon  shall  have  voted  in  favor  of  the  proposed  location, 
in  such  manner  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

No  change  from  Sec.  8,  Art.  X. 

Sec.  14.  No  navigable  stream  of  this  state  shall  be  either  bridged  or 
dammed  without  permission  granted  by  the  board  of  supervisors  of  the 
county  under  the  provisions  of  law,  which  permission  shall  be  subject  to 
such  reasonable  compensation  and  other  conditions  as  may  seem  best  suited 
to  safeguard  the  rights  and  interests  of  the  county  and  the  municipalities 
therein.  No  such  law  shall  preclude  the  state  from  improving  the  naviga- 
tion of  any  such  stream,  nor  prejudice  the  right  of  individuals  to  the  free 
navigation  thereof. 

Sec.  4,  Art.  XVIII.     Change  in  phraseology,  and  italicized  words  added. 

Sec.  15.  The  board  of  supervisors  of  each  organized  county  may 
organize  and  consolidate  townships  under  such  restrictions  and  limita- 
tions as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Supplants  Sec.  11,  Art.  X. 

TOWNSHIPS. 

Sec.  16.  Each  organized  township  shall  be  a  body  corporate,  with 
such  powers  and  immunities  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law.  All  suits  and 
proceedings  by  or  against  a  township  shall  be  in  the  name  thereof. 

No  change  from  Sec.  2,  Art.  XI. 

Sec.  17.  The  legislature  may  by  general  law  confer  upon  organized 
townships  such  powers  of  a  local,  legislative  and  administrative  character, 
not  inconsistent  with  the  provisions  of  this  constitution,  as  it  may  deem 
proper. 

Subdivision  of  Sec.  38,  Art.  IV. 

Sec.  18.     There  shall  be  elected  annually  on  the  first  Monday  of  April 

64 


in  each  organized  township  one  supervisor,  one  township  clerk,  one  com- 
missioner of  highways,  one  township  treasurer,  not  to  exceed  four  con- 
stables and  one  overseer  of  highways  for  each  highway  district,  whose 
powers  and  duties  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  I,  Art.  XI.     Office  of  school  inspector  eliminated. 

Sec.  19.  No  township  shall  grant  any  public  utility  franchise  which 
is  not  subject  to  revocation  at  the  will  of  the  township,  unless  such  pro- 
position shall  have  first  received  the  affirmative  vote  of  a  majority  of  the 
electors  of  such  township  voting  thereon  at  a  regular  or  special  election. 

New. 

CITIES    AND    VILLAGES. 

Sec.  20.  The  legislature  shall  provide  by  a  general  law  for  the  in- 
corporation of  cities,  and  by  a  general  law  for  the  incorporation  of  villages; 
such  general  laws  shall  limit  their  rate  of  taxation  for  municipal  purposes, 
and  restrict  their  powers  of  borrowing  money  and  contracting  debts. 

New. 

Sec.  21.  Under  such  general  laws,  the  electors  of  each  city  and  village 
shall  have  power  and  authority  to  frame,  adopt  and  amend  its  charter, 
and,  through  its  regularly  constituted  authority,  to  pass  all  laws  and 
ordinances  relating  to  its  municipal  concerns,  subject  to  the  constitution 
and  general  laws  of  this  state. 

New. 

Sec.  22.  Any  city  or  village  may  acquire,  own,  establish  and  main- 
tain, either  within  or  without  its  corporate  limits,  parks,  boulevards, 
cemeteries,  hospitals,  almshouses  and  all  works  which  involve  the  public 
health  or  safety. 

New. 

Sec.  23.  Subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  constitution,  any  city  or 
village  may  acquire,  own  and  operate,  either  within  or  without  its  cor- 
porate limits,  public  utilities  for  supplying  water,  light,  heat,  power  and 
transportation  to  the  municipality  and  the  inhabitants  thereof;  and  may 
also  sell  and  deliver  water,  heat,  power  and  light  without  its  corporate 
limits  to  an  amount  not  to  exceed  twenty-five  per  cent  of  that  furnished 
by  it  within  the  corporate  limits;  and  may  operate  transportation  lines 

65 


without  the  municipality  within  such  limits  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law: 
Provided,  That  the  right  to  own  or  operate  transportation  facilities  shall 
not  extend  to  any  city  or  village  of  less  than  twenty-five  thousand  inhabi- 
tants. 

New. 

Sec.  24.  When  a  city  or  village  is  authorized  to  acquire  or  operate 
any  public  utility,  it  may  issue  mortgage  bonds  therefor  beyond  the  gen- 
eral limit  of  bonded  indebtedness  prescribed  by  law:  Provided,  That 
such  mortgage  bonds  issued  beyond  the  general  limit  of  bonded  indebted- 
ness prescribed  by  law  shall  not  impose  any  liability  upon  such  city  or 
village,  but  shall  be  secured  only  upon  the  property  and  revenues  of  such 
public  utility,  including  a  franchise  stating  the  terms  upon  which,  in  case 
of  foreclosure,  the  purchaser  may  operate  the  same,  which  franchise  shall 
in  no  case  extend  for  a  longer  period  than  twenty  years  from  the  date  of 
the  sale  of  such  utility  and  franchise  on  foreclosure. 

New. 

Sec.  25.  No  city  or  village  shall  have  power  to  abridge  the  right  of 
elective  franchise,  to  loan  its  credit,  nor  to  assess,  levy  or  collect  any  tax 
or  assessment  for  other  than  a  public  purpose.  Nor  shall  any  city  or 
village  acquire  any  public  utility  or  grant  any  public  utility  franchise 
which  is  not  subject  to  revocation  at  the  will  of  the  city  or  village,  unless 
such  proposition  shall  have  first  received  the  affirmative  vote  of  three- 
fifths  of  the  electors  of  such  city  or  village  voting  thereon  at  a  regular  or 
special  municipal  election;  and  upon  such  proposition  women  taxpayers 
having  the  qualifications  of  male  electors  shall  be  entitled  to  vote. 

New.  The  foregoing  sections  supersede  Sec.  38,  Art.  IV  and  Sees. 
13  and  14,  Art.  XV  in  so  far  as  such  sections  relate  to  cities  and  villages. 

GENERAL    PROVISIONS. 

Sec.  26.  The  legislature  may  by  general  law  provide  for  the  laying 
out,  construction,  improvement  and  maintenance  of  highways,  bridges 
and  culverts  by  counties,  districts  and  townships;  and  may  authorize 
counties  or  districts  to  take  charge  and  control  of  any  highways  within 
their  limits  for  such  purposes.  The  legislature  may  also  by  general  law 
prescribe  the  powers  and  duties  of  boards  of  supervisors  in  relation  to 
highways,  bridges  and  culverts;  may  provide  for  county  and  district  road 

66 


commissioners  to  be  appointed  or  elected,  with  such  powers  and  duties 
as  may  be  prescribed  by  law ;  and  may  change  and  abolish  the  powers  and 
duties  of  township  commissioners  and  overseers  of  highways.  The  legis- 
lature may  provide  by  law  for  submitting  the  question  of  adopting  a  county 
or  district  road  system  to  the  electors  of  the  counties  or  proposed  districts,  and 
stich  road  system  shall  not  go  into  operation  in  any  county  or  district  until 
approved  by  a  majority  of  the  electors  thereof  voting  on  stich  question.  The 
tax  raised  for  road  purposes  shall  not  exceed  in  any  one  year  three  dol- 
lars upon  each  one  thousand  dollars  of  assessed  valuation  for  the  preced- 
ing year. 

Sec.  49,  Art.  IV.  The  three  per  cent  limit  on  county  indebtedness  is 
placed  in  Sec.  12  of  this  article. 

Sec.  27.  The  legislature  shall  not  vacate  nor  alter  any  road  laid  out 
by  commissioners  of  highways,  or  any  street,  alley  or  public  ground  in  any 
city  or  village  or  in  any  recorded  town  plat. 

Revision  of  part  of  Sec.  23,  Art.  IV. 

Sec.  28.  No  person,  partnership,  association  or  corporation  operating 
a  public  utility  shall  have  the  right  to  the  use  of  the  highways,  streets, 
alleys  or  other  public  places  of  any  city,  village  or  township  for  wires, 
poles,  pipes,  tracks  or  conduits,  without  the  consent  of  the  duly  consti- 
tuted authorities  of  such  city,  village  or  township;  nor  to  transact  a  local 
business  therein  without  first  obtaining  a  franchise  therefor  from  such 
city,  village  or  township.  The  right  of  all  cities,  villages  and  townships 
to  the  reasonable  control  of  their  streets,  alleys  and  public  places  is  hereby 
reserved  to  such  cities,  villages  and  townships. 

New. 

Sec.  29.     No  franchise  or  license  shall  be  granted  by  any  municipality 
of  this  state  for  a  longer  period  than  thirty  years. 
New. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

IMPEACHMENTS    AND    REMOVALS    FROM    OFFICE. 

Section  i  .  The  house  of  representatives  shall  have  the  sole  power  of  im- 
peaching civil  officers  for  corrupt  conduct  in  office,  or  for  crimes  or  mis- 

67 


demeanors;  but  a  majority  of  the  members  elected  shall  be  necessary  to 
direct  an  impeachment. 

No  change  from  Sec.  i,  Art.  XII. 

Sec.  2.  When  an  impeachment  is  directed,  the  house  of  representa- 
tives shall  elect  from  its  own  body  three  members,  whose  duty  it  shall  be 
to  prosecute  such  impeachment.  No  impeachment  shall  be  tried  until 
the  final  adjournment  of  the  legislature,  when  the  senate  shall  proceed  to 
try  the  same. 

No  change  from  Sec.  3,  Art.  XII,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  3.  Every  impeachment  shall  be  tried  by  the  senate.  When  the 
governor  or  lieutenant  governor  is  tried,  the  chief  justice  of  the  supreme 
court  shall  preside.  When  an  impeachment  is  directed,  the  senate  shall 
take  an  oath  or  affirmation  truly  and  impartially  to  try  and  determine 
the  same  according  to  the  evidence.  No  person  shall  be  convicted  with- 
out the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the  members  elected.  Judgment  in 
case  of  impeachment  shall  not  extend  further  than  removal  from  office, 
but  the  person  convicted  shall  be  liable  to  punishment  according  to  law. 

No  change  from  Sec.  2,  Art.  XII,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  4.     No  judicial  officer  shall  exercise  his  office  after  an  impeach- 
ment is  directed  until  he  is  acquitted. 
No  change  from  Sec.  4,  Art.  XII. 

Sec.  5.  The  governor  may  make  a  provisional  appointment  to  fill  a 
vacancy  occasioned  by  the  suspension  of  an  officer,  until  he  shall  be  ac- 
quitted or  until  after  the  election  and  qualification  of  a  successor. 

No  change  from  Sec.  5,  Art.  XII. 

Sec.  6.  For  reasonable  cause,  which  shall  not  be  sufficient  ground  for 
impeachment,  the  governor  shall  remove  any  judge  on  a  concurrent  reso- 
lution of  two-thirds  of  the  members  elected  to  each  house  of  the  legisla- 
ture; and  the  cause  for  which  such  removal  is  required  shall  b^  stated  at 
length  in  such  resolution. 

No  change  from  Sec.  6,  Art.  XII,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  7.  The  governor  shall  have  power  and  it  shall  be  his  duty,  except 
at  such  time  as  the  legislature  may  be  in  session,  to  examine  into  the  con- 
dition and  administration  of  any  public  office  and  the  acts  of  any  public 

68 


officer,  elective  or  appointive;  to  remove  from  office  for  gross  neglect  of 
duty  or  for  corrupt  conduct  in  office,  or  any  other  misfeasance  or  mal- 
feasance therein,  any  elective  or  appointive  state  officer,  except  legislative 
or  judicial,  and  report  the  causes  of  such  removal  to  the  legislature  at  its 
next  session. 

Sec.  8,  Art.  XII.  Change  in  phraseology.  Authority  of  the  governor 
to  appoint  a  state  officer  for  the  remainder  of  an  unexpired  term  is  pre- 
scribed in  Sec.  lo,  Art.  VI,  herein. 

Sec.  8.  Any  officer  elected  by  a  county,  city,  village,  township  or  school 
district  may  be  removed  from  office  in  such  manner  and  for  such  cause  as 
shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Supersedes  Sec.  7,  Art.  XII. 

ARTICLE  X. 

FINANCE    AND    TAXATION. 

Section  i.  All  subjects  of  taxation  now  contributing  to  the  primary 
school  interest  fund  under  present  laws  shall  continue  to  contribute  to 
that  fund,  and  all  taxes  from  such  subjects  shall  be  first  applied  in  pay- 
ing the  interest  upon  the  primary  school,  university  and  other  educational 
funds  in  the  order  herein  named,  after  which  the  surplus  of  such  moneys 
shall  be  added  to  and  become  a  part  of  the  primary  school  interest 
fund. 

Sec.  2.  The  legislature  shall  provide  by  law  for  an  annual  tax  suffi- 
cient with  other  resources  to  pay  the  estimated  expenses  of  the  state  gov- 
ernment, the  interest  on  any  state  debt  and  such  deficiency  as  may  occur 
in  the  resources. 

The  two  preceding  sections  revise  Sec.  i,  Art.  XIV. 

Sec.  3.  The  legislature  shall  provide  by  law  a  uniform  rule  of  taxation, 
except  on  property  paying  specific  taxes,  and  taxes  shall  be  levied  on  such 
property  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law:  Provided,  That  the  legislature 
shall  provide  by  law  a  uniform  rule  of  taxation  for  such  property  as  shall 
be  assessed  by  a  state  board  of  assessors,  and  the  rate  of  taxation  on  such 
property  shall  be  the  rate  which  the  state  board  of  assessors  shall  ascer- 
tain and  determine  is  the  average  rate  levied  upon  other  property  upon 

69 


which  ad  valorem  taxes  are  assessed  for  state,  county,  township,  school 
and  municipal  purposes. 
Sec.  II,  Art.  XIV. 

Sec.  4.  The  legislature  may  by  law  impose  specific  taxes,  which  shall 
be  uniform  upon  the  classes  upon  which  they  operate. 

Sec.  5.  The  legislature  may  provide  by  law  for  the  assessment  at  its 
true  cash  value  by  a  state  board  of  assessors,  of  which  the  governor  shall 
he  ex-officio  a  member,  of  the  property  of  corporations  and  the  property,  by 
whomsoever  owned,  operated  or  condiicted,  engaged  in  the  business  of  trans- 
porting passengers  and  freight,  transporting  property  by  express,  operating 
any  union  station  or  depot,  transmitting  messages  by  telepJwne  or  telegraph, 
loaning  cars,  operating  refrigerator  cars,  fast  freight  lines  or  other  car  lines 
and  running  or  operating  cars  in  any  manner  upon  railroads,  or  engaged 
in  any  other  public  service  business;  and  for  the  levy  and  collection  of  taxes 
thereon. 

The  two  preceding  sections  revise  and  supersede  Sec.  10,  Art.  XIV. 

Sec.  6.  Every  law  which  imposes,  continues  or  revives  a  tax  shall 
distinctly  state  the  tax,  and  the  objects  to  which  it  is  to  be  applied;  and 
it  shall  not  be  sufficient  to  refer  to  any  other  law  to  fix  such  tax  or  object. 

No  change  from  Sec.  14,  Art.  XIV. 

Sec.  7.  All  assessments  hereafter  authorized  shall  be  on  property  at 
its  cash  value. 

No  change  from  Sec.  12,  Art.  XIV. 

Sec.  8.  In  the  year  nineteen  hundred  eleven,  every  fifth  year  thereafter 
and  at  such  other  times  as  the  legislature  may  direct,  the  legislature  shall 
provide  by  law  for  an  equalization  of  assessments  by  a  state  board,  on  all 
taxable  property,  except  that  taxed  under  laws  passed  pursuant  to  sec- 
tions four  and  five  of  this  article. 

Sec.  13,  Art.  XIV. 

Sec.  9.  The  power  of  taxation  shall  never  be  surrendered  or  suspended 
by  any  grant  or  contract  to  which  the  state  or  any  municipal  corporation 
shall  be  a  party. 

New. 

Sec.  10.     The  state  may  contract  debts  to  meet  deficits  in  revenue, 

70 


but  such  debts  shall  not  in  the  aggregate  at  any  time  exceed  two  hundred 
fifty  thousand  dollars.  The  state  may  also  contract  debts  to  repel  invasion, 
suppress  insurrection,  defend  the  state  or  aid  the  United  States  in  time  of 
war.  The  money  so  raised  shall  be  applied  to  the  purposes  for  which  it  is 
raised  or  to  the  payment  of  the  debts  contracted. 

Combines  Sees.  3  and  4,  Art.  XIV.     Material  change  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  II.  No  scrip,  certificate  or  other  evidence  of  state  indebtedness 
shall  be  issued,  except  for  such  debts  as  are  expressly  authorized  in  this 
constitution. 

Sec.  7,  Art.  XIV.  Omits  the  words  "except  for  the  redemption  of  stock 
previously  issued." 

Sec.  12.     The  credit  of  the  state  shall  not  be  granted  to,  nor  in  aid  of 
any  person,  association  or  corporation,  public  or  private. 
Sec.  6,  Art.  XIV. 

Sec.  13.  The  state  shall  not  subscribe  to,  nor  be  interested  in  the  stock 
of  any  company,  association  or  corporation. 

No  change  from  Sec.  8,  Art.  XIV,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  14.  The  state  shall  not  be  a  party  to,  nor  be  interested  in  any 
work  of  internal  improvement,  nor  engage  in  carrying  on  any  such  work, 
except  in  the  improvement  of,  or  aiding  in  the  improvement  of  the  public 
wagon  roads,  in  tJi£  reforestation  and  protection  of  lands  owned  by  the  state 
and  in  the  expenditure  of  grants  to  the  state  of  land  or  other  property. 

Corresponds  with  Sec.  9,  Art.  XIV.  The  provision  relative  to  the  issu- 
ance of  bonds  by  Grand  Rapids  city  omitted. 

Sec.  15.  No  state  money  shall  be  deposited  in  banks  other  than  those 
organized  under  the  national  or  state  banking  laws.  No  state  money 
shall  be  deposited  in  any  bank  in  excess  of  fifty  per  cent  of  the  capital 
and  surplus  of  such  bank.  Any  bank  receiving  deposits  of  state  money 
shall  show  the  amount  of  state  money  so  deposited  as  a  separate  item  in 
all  published  statements. 

New. 

Sec.  16.     No  money  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  state  treasury  except  in 
pursuance  of  appropriations  made  by  law. 
Sec.  5,  Art.  XIV. 

71 


Sec.  17.  An  accurate  statement  of  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of 
the  public  moneys  shall  be  attached  to  and  published  with  the  laws  passed 
at  every  regular  session  of  the  legislature. 

No  change  from  Sec.  5,  Art.  XVIII,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  18.  The  legislature  shall  provide  by  law  for  the  keeping  of  ac- 
counts by  all  state  officials,  boards  and  institutions,  and  by  all  county 
officials;  and  shall  also  provide  for  the  supervision  and  audit  thereof  by 
competent  state  authority  and  for  uniform  reports  of  all  public  accounts 
to  such  authority.  Such  systems  of  account  shall  provide  for  accurate 
records  of  all  financial  and  other  transactions  and  for  checks  upon  all 
receipts  and  disbursements  of  all  such  officials,  boards  and  institutions; 
and  shall  be  uniform  for  all  similar  boards,  institutions  and  county  offi- 
cials. All  public  accounts  and  the  audit  thereof  shall  be  public  records 
and  open  to  inspection. 

New. 

Sec.  19.  No  collector,  holder  or  disburser  of  public  moneys  shall 
have  a  seat  in  the  legislature,  nor  be  eligible  to  any  office  of  trust  or  profit 
under  this  state,  until  he  shall  have  accounted  for  and  paid  over,  as  pro- 
vided by  law,  all  sums  for  which  he  may  be  liable. 

No  change  from  Sec.  30,  Art.  IV. 

ARTICLE  XL 

EDUCATION, 

Section  i.  Religion,  morality  and  knowledge  being  necessary  to  good 
government  and  the  happiness  of  mankind,  schools  and  the  means  of  edu- 
cation shall  forever  be  encouraged. 

New. 

Sec.  2.  A  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  elected  at  the 
regular  election  to  be  held  on  tJie  first  Monday  in  April,  nineteen  hundred 
nine,  and  every  second  year  thereafter.  He  shall  hold  office  for  a  period 
of  two  years  from  the  first  day  of  July  following  his  election  and  until  his 
successor  is  elected  and  qualified.  He  shall  have  general  supervision  of 
public  instruction  in  the  state.  He  shall  be  a  member  and  secretary  of 
the  state  board  of  education.     He  shall  be  ex-officio  a  member  of  all  other 

72 


boards  having  control  of  public  instruction  in  any  state  institution,  with 
the  right  to  speak  but  not  to  vote.  His  duties  and  compensation  shall  be 
prescribed  by  law. 

This  section  takes  the  place  of  Sec.  i,  Art.  XIII,  and  includes  certain 
provisions  of  Sec.  i.  Art.  VIII,  and  Sec.  i.  Art.  IX. 

Sec.  3.  There  shall  be  a  board  of  regents  of  the  university,  consisting 
of  eight  members,  who  shall  hold  the  office  for  eight  years.  There  shall 
be  elected  at  each  regular  biennial  spring  election  two  members  of  such 
board.  When  a  vacancy  shall  occur  in  the  office  of  regent  it  shall  be  filled 
by  appointment  of  the  governor. 

In  effect  the  same  as  Sec.  6,  Art.  XIII. 

Sec.  4.  The  regents  of  the  university  and  their  successors  in  office  shall 
continue  to  constitute  the  body  corporate  known  as  "The  Regents  of  the 
University  of  Michigan. 

No  change  from  Sec.  7,  Art.  XIII,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  5.  The  regents  of  the  university  shall,  as  often  as  necessary, 
elect  a  president  of  the  university.  The  president  of  the  university  and 
the  superintendent  of  public  instruction  shall  be  ex-officio  members  of  the 
board  of  regents,  with  the  privilege  of  speaking  but  not  of  voting.  The 
president  shall  preside  at  the  meetings  of  the  board  and  be  the  principal 
executive  officer  of  the  university.  The  board  of  regents  shall  have  the 
general  supervision  of  the  university  and  the  direction  and  control  of  all 
expenditures  from  the  university  funds. 

Sec.  8,  Art.  XIII.     Change  also  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  6.  The  state  board  of  education  shall  consist  of  four  members. 
On  the  first  Monday  in  April,  nineteen  hundred  nine,  and  at  each  succeed- 
ing biennial  spring  election,  there  shall  be  elected  one  member  of  such 
board  who  shall  hold  his  office  for  six  years  from  the  first  day  of  July  fol- 
lowing his  election.  The  state  board  of  education  shall  have  general 
supervision  of  the  state  normal  college  and  the  state  normal  schools,  and 
the  duties  of  said  board  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

In  effect,  the  same  as  Sec.  9,  Art.  XIII,  except  the  provision  for  elec- 
tion in  April.  Reference  to  superintendent  of  public  instruction  is  found 
in  Sec.  2  of  this  article. 

Sec.  7.     There  shall  be  elected  on  the  first  Monday  in  April,  nineteen 

73 


hundred  nine,  a  state  board  of  agriculture  to  consist  of  six  members,  two 
of  whom  shall  hold  the  office  for  two  years,  two  for  four  years  and  two 
for  six  years.  At  every  regular  biennial  spring  election  thereafter,  there 
shall  be  elected  two  members  whose  term  of  office  shall  be  six  years.  The 
members  thus  elected  and  their  successors  in  office  shall  be  a  body  cor- 
porate to  be  known  as  "The  State  Board  of  Agriculture." 
New. 

Sec.  8.  The  state  board  of  agriculture  shall,  as  often  as  necessary, 
elect  a  president  of  the  agricultural  college,  who  shall  be  ex-officio  a  mem- 
ber of  the  board  with  the  privilege  of  speaking  but  not  of  voting.  He 
shall  preside  at  the  meetings  of  the  board  and  be  the  principal  executive 
officer  of  the  college.  The  board  shall  have  the  general  supervision  of 
the  college,  and  the  direction  and  control  of  all  agricultural  college  funds ; 
and  shall  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

New. 

Sec.  9.  The  legislature  shall  continue  a  system  of  primary  schools, 
whereby  every  school  district  in  the  state  shall  provide  for  the  education 
of  its  pupils  without  charge  for  tuition ;  and  all  instruction  in  such  schools 
shall  be  conducted  in  the  English  language.  If  any  school  district  shall 
neglect  to  maintain  a  school  within  its  borders  as  prescribed  by  law  for 
at  least  five  months  in  each  year,  or  to  provide  for  the  education  of  its 
pupils  in  another  district  or  districts  for  an  equal  period,  it  shall  be  de- 
prived for  the  ensuing  year  of  its  proportion  of  the  primary  school  interest 
fund. 

Supplants  Sees.  4  and  5,  Art.  XIII. 

Sec.  10.  The  legislature  shall  maintain  the  university,  the  college  of 
mines,  the  state  agricultural  college,  the  state  normal  college  and  such 
state  normal  schools  and  other  educational  institutions  as  may  be  estab- 
lished by  law. 

New. 

Sec.  II.  The  proceeds  from  the  sales  of  all  lands  that  have  been  or  here- 
after may  be  granted  by  the  United  States  to  the  state  for  educational  pur- 
poses and  the  proceeds  of  all  lands  or  other  property  given  by  individuals 
or  appropriated  by  the  state  for  like  purposes  shall  be  and  remain  a  per- 
petual fund,  the  interest  and  income  of  which,  together  with  the  rents 

74 


of  all  such  lands  as  may  remain  unsold,  shall  be  inviolably  appropriated 
and  annually  applied  to  the  specific  objects  of  the  original  gift,  grant  or 
appropriation. 

No  change  from  Sec.  2,  Art.  XIII. 

Sec.  12.  All  lands,  the  titles  to  which  shall  fail  from  a  defect  of  heirs, 
shall  escheat  to  the  state,  and  the  interest  on  the  clear  proceeds  from 
the  sales  thereof  shall  be  appropriated  exclusively  to  the  support  of  the 
primary  schools. 

No  change  from  Sec.  3,  Art.  XIII. 

Sec.  13.  The  legislature  shall  appropriate  all  salt  spring  lands  now 
unappropriated,  or  the  money  arising  from  the  sale  of  the  same,  where 
such  lands  have  already  been  sold,  and  any  funds  or  lands  which  may  here- 
after be  granted  or  appropriated  for  such  purpose,  for  the  support  and 
maintenance  of  the  agricultural  college. 

Revision  of  Sec.  11,  Art.  XIII. 

Sec.  14.  The  legislature  shall  provide  by  law  for  the  establishment 
of  at  least  one  library  in  each  township  and  city ;  and  all  fines  assessed  and 
collected  in  the  several  counties,  cities  and  townships  for  any  breach  of 
the  penal  laws  shall  be  exclusively  applied  to  the  support  of  such  libra- 
ries. 

Supplants  Sec.  12,  Art.  XIII.     Certain  words  omitted. 

Sec.  15.  Institutions  for  the  benefit  of  those  inhabitants  who  are 
deaf,  dumb,  blind,  feeble-minded  or  insane  shall  always  be  fostered  and 
supported. 

Sec.  10,  Art.  XIII. 

ARTICLE  XII. 

CORPORATIONS. 

Section  i.  Corporations  may  be  formed  under  general  laws,  but 
shall  not  be  created,  nor  shall  any  rights,  privileges  or  franchises  be  conferred 
upon  them,  by  special  act  of  the  legislature.  All  laws  heretofore  or  here- 
after passed  by  the  legislature  for  the  formation  of,  or  conferring  rights, 
privileges  or  franchises   upon   corporations^  and   all   rights,   privileges   or 

75 


franchises  conferred  by  such  laws  may  be  amended,  altered,  repealed  or 
abrogated. 

Revision  and  enlargement  of  Sec.  i,  Art.  XV  and  omits  the  third  sen- 
tence.    The  words  "except  for  municipal  purposes"  also  omitted. 

Sec.  2.  The  term  "corporation"  as  used  in  this  article  shall  be  con- 
strued to  include  all  associations  and  joint  stock  companies  having  any 
of  the  powers  or  privileges  of  corporations  not  possessed  by  individuals 
or  partnerships.  All  corporations  shall  have  the  right  to  sue  and  be 
subject  to  be  sued  in  all  courts  in  like  cases  as  natural  persons. 

No  change  from  Sec.  1 1 ,  Art.  XV,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  3.  No  corporation  shall  be  created  for  a  longer  period  than  thirty 
years,  except  for  municipal,  railroad,  insurance,  canal  or  cemetery  pur- 
poses, or  corporations  organized  without  any  capital  stock  for  religious,  benevo- 
lent, social  or  fraternal  purposes;  but  the  legislature  may  provide  by 
general  laws,  applicable  to  any  corporations,  for  one  or  more  extensions 
of  the  term  of  such  corporations,  while  such  term  is  running,  not  exceeding 
thirty  years  for  each  extension,  on  the  consent  of  not  less  than  two-thirds 
of  the  capital  stock  of  the  corporation;  and  by  like  general  laws  for  the 
corporate  reorganization  for  a  further  period,  not  exceeding  thirty  years, 
of  such  corporations  whose  terms  have  expired  by  limitation,  on  the  con- 
sent of  not  less  than  four-fifths  of  the  capital  stock. 

Revision  of  Sec.  10,  A.rt.  XV. 

Sec.  4.  The  stockholders  of  every  corporation  and  joint  stock  associa- 
tion shall  be  individually  liable  for  all  labor  performed  for  such  corpora- 
tion or  association. 

No  change  from  Sec.  7,  Art.  XV. 

Sec.  5.  No  corporation  shall  hold  any  real  estate  for  a  longer  period 
than  ten  years,  except  such  real  estate  as  shall  be  actually  occupied  by 
such  corporation  in  the  exercise  of  its  franchises. 

Sec.  12,  Art.  XV.     Words  "hereafter  acquired"  omitted. 

Sec.  6.     The  legislature  shall  pass  no  law  renewing  or  extending  any 
special  act  of  incorporation  heretofore  granted. 
Revision  of  Sec.  8,  Art.  XV. 
Sec.  7.     The  legislature  may,  from  time  to  time,  pass   laws  establish- 

76 


ing  reasonable  maximum  rates  of  charges  for  the  transportation  of  passen- 
gers and  freight  on  different  railroads  in  this  state,  and  may  pass  laws 
establishing  reasonable  maximum  rates  of  charges  for  the  transportation  of 
property  by  express  companies  in  this  state,  and  m.ay  delegate  such  power 
to  fix  reasonable  m.aximum  rates  of  charges  for  the  transportation  of  freight 
by  railroad  companies  and  for  the  transportation  of  property  by  express  com- 
panies to  a  commission  created  by  law;  and  shall  prohibit  running  con- 
tracts between  such  railroad  companies  whereby  discrimination  is  made 
in  favor  of  either  of  such  companies  as  against  other  companies  owning 
connecting  or  intersecting  lines  of  railroad. 
Sec.  I,  Art.  XIX-A. 

Sec.  8.  No  railroad  corporation  shall  consolidate  its  stock,  property 
or  franchises  with  any  other  railroad  corporation  owning  a  parallel  or 
competing  line;  and  in  no  case  shall  any  consolidation  take  place  except 
upon  at  least  sixty  days'  public  notice  to  all  stockholders  in  such  manner 
as  shall  be  provided  by  law. 

No  change  from  Sec.  2,  Art.  XIX-A,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  9.  No  general  law  providing  for  the  incorporation  of  trust  com- 
panies or  corporations  for  banking  purposes,  or  regulating  the  business 
thereof,  shall  be  adopted,  amended  or  repealed  except  by  a  vote  of  two- 
thirds  of  the  members  elected  to  each  house  of  the  legislature.  Such 
laws  shall  not  authorize  the  issue  of  bank  notes  or  paper  credit  to  circulate 
as  money. 

Supplants  Sec.  2,  Art.  XV. 

ARTICLE  XIII. 

EMINENT    DOMAIN. 

Section  i.  Private  property  shall  not  be  taken  by  the  public  nor  by 
any  corporation  for  public  use,  without  the  necessity  therefor  being  first 
determined  and  jtist  compensation  therefor  being  first  made  or  secured  in 
such  manner  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Supplants  Sees.  9  and  15,  Art.  XV. 

Sec.  2.  When  private  property  is  taken  for  the  use  or  benefit  of  the 
public,  the  necessity  for  using  such  property  and  the  just  compensation 

77 


to  be  made  therefor,  except  when  to  be  made  by  the  state,  shall  be  ascer- 
tained by  a  jury  of  twelve  freeholders  residing  in  the  vicinity  of  such  prop- 
erty, or  by  not  less  than  three  commissioners  appointed  by  a  court  of 
record,  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law:  Provided,  That  the  foregoing 
provision  shall  not  be  construed  to  apply  to  the  action  of  commissioners 
of  highways  or  road  commissioners  in  the  official  discharge  of  their  duties. 
Sec.  2,  Art.  XVIII. 

Sec.  3.  Private  roads  may  be  opened  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  law; 
but  in  every  case  the  necessity  for  the  road  and  the  amount  of  all  dam- 
ages to  be  sustained  by  the  opening  thereof  shall  be  first  determined  by 
a  jury  of  six  freeholders  or  by  not  less  than  three  commissioners,  and 
such  amount,  together  with  the  expense  of  proceedings,  shall  be  paid  by 
the  person  or  persons  to  be  benefited. 

Revision  of  Sec.  14,  Art.  XVIII. 

Sec.  4.  The  regents  of  the  university  of  Michigan  shall  have  power 
to  take  private  property  for  the  use  of  the  university,  in  the  manner  pre- 
scribed by  law. 

New. 

ARTICLE  XIV. 

EXEMPTIONS. 

Section  i.  The  personal  property  of  every  resident  of  this  state,  to 
consist  of  such  property  only  as  shall  be  designated  by  law,  shall  be  ex- 
empted to  the  amount  of  not  less  than  five  hundred  dollars  from  sale  on 
execution  or  other  final  process  of  any  court. 

No  change  from  Sec.  i.  Art.  XVI,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  2.  Every  homestead  of  not  exceeding  forty  acres  of  land  and 
the  dwelling  hous'?  thereon  and  the  appurtenances  to  be  selected  by  the 
owner  thereof  and  not  included  in  any  town  plat,  city  or  village;  or  in- 
stead thereof,  at  the  option  of  the  owner,  any  lot  in  any  city,  village  or 
recorded  town  plat,  or  such  parts  of  lots  as  shall  be  equal  thereto,  and 
the  dwelling  house  thereon  and  its  appurtenances,  owned  and  occupied 
by  any  resident  of  the  state,  not  exceeding  in  value  fifteen  hundred  dol- 
lars, shall  be  exempt  from  forced  sale  on  execution  or  any  other  final 
process  from  a  court.     Such  exemption  shall  not  extend  to  any  mortgage 

78 


thereon  lawfully  obtained,  but  such  mortgage  or  other  alienation  of  such 
land  by  the  owner  thereof,  if  a  married  man,  shall  not  be  valid  without 
the  signature  of  his  wife  to  the  same. 

No  change  from  Sec.  2,  Art.  XVI,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  3.  The  homestead  of  a  family,  after  the  death  of  the  owner  thereof, 
shall  be  exempt  from  the  payment  of  his  debts  in  all  cases  during  the  min- 
ority of  his  children. 

No  change  from  Sec.  3,  Art.  XVI,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  4.  If  the  owner  of  a  homestead  die,  leaving  a  widow  but  no  chil- 
dren, such  homestead  shall  be  exempt,  and  the  rents  and  profits  thereof 
shall  accrue  to  her  benefit  during  the  time  of  her  widowhood,  unless  she 
be  the  owner  of  a  homestead  in  her  own  right. 

No  change  from  Sec.  4,  Art.  XVI,  except  in  phraseology. 

ARTICLE  XV. 

MILITIA. 

Section  i.  The  militia  shall  be  composed  of  all  able-bodied  male 
citizens  between  the  ages  of  eighteen  and  forty-five  years,  except  such 
as  are  exempted  by  the  laws  of  the  United  States  or  of  this  state;  but  all 
such  citizens  of  any  religious  denomination,  who,  from  scruples  of  con- 
science, may  be  averse  to  bearing  arms,  shall  be  excused  therefrom  upon 
such  conditions  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  2.  The  legislature  shall  provide  by  law  for  organizing,  equipping 
and  disciplining  the  militia  in  such  manner  as  it  shall  deem  expedient, 
not  incompatible  with  the  laws  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  3.  Officers  of  the  militia  shall  be  elected  or  appointed  and  be 
commissioned  in  such  manner  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

No  change  in  above  sections  from  Art.  XVII,  except  in  phraseology. 

ARTICLE  XVI. 

miscellaneous  provisions. 

Section  i.  The  terms  of  office  of  all  elective  state  officers  and  of  all 
judges  of  courts  of  record  shall  begin  on  the  first  day  of  January  next 

79 


succeeding  their  election,  except  as  otherwise  prescribed  in  this  consti- 
tution. The  terms  of  office  of  all  county  officers  shall  begin  on  the  first 
day  of  January  next  succeeding  their  election,  except  as  otherwise  pre- 
scribed by  law. 

This  section  is  a  condensation  of  like  provisions  appearing  in  various 
sections  of  the  constitution  of  1850. 

Sec.  2.  Members  of  the  legislature  and  all  officers,  executive  and 
judicial,  except  such  officers  as  may  by  law  be  exempted,  shall,  before  they 
enter  on  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices,  take  and  subscribe  the  fol- 
lowing oath  or  affirmation:  "I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will 
support  the  constitution  of  the  United  States  and  the  constitution  of  this 

state,  and  that  I  will  faithfully  discharge  the  duties  of  the  office  of 

according  to  the  best  of  my  ability."     No  other  oath, 


declaration  or  test  shall  be  required  as  a  qualification  for  any  office  or  pub- 
lic trust. 

No  change  from  Sec.  i.  Art.  XVIII. 

Sec.  3.  Neither  the  legislature  nor  any  municipal  authority  shall  grant 
or  authorize  extra  compensation  to  any  public  officer,  agent,  employe  or 
contractor  after  the  service  has  been  rendered  or  the  contract  entered 
into.  Salaries  of  public  officers,  except  circuit  judges,  shall  not  be  increased, 
nor  shall  the  salary  of  any  public  officer  be  decreased,  after  election  or 
appointment. 

Revision  of  Sec,  21,  Art.  IV  and  Sec.  20  of  the  Schedule. 

Sec.  4.  In  case  two  or  more  persons  have  an  equal  and  the  highest 
number  of  votes  for  any  office,  as  canvassed  by  the  board  of  state  can- 
vassers, the  legislature  in  joint  convention  shall  choose  one  of  said  per- 
sons to  fill  such  office.  When  the  determination  of  the  board  of  state 
canvassers  is  contested,  the  legislature  in  joint  convention  shall  decide 
which  person  is  elected. 

No  change  from  Sec.  5,  Art.  VIII. 

Sec.  5.  The  legislature  may  provide  by  law  the  cases  in  which  any 
office  shall  be  deemed  vacant  and  the  manner  of  filling  vacancies,  where 
no  provision  is  made  in  this  constitution. 

No  change  from  Sec.  37,  Art.  IV,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  6.     The  laws,  public  records  and  the  written  judicial  and  legis- 

80 


lative  proceedings  of  the  state  shall  be  conducted,  promulgated  and  pre- 
served in  the  English  language. 

No  change  from  Sec.  6,  Art.  XVIII. 

Sec.  7.     The    legislature    may    establish    courts   of  conciliation  with 
such  powers  and  duties  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 
No  change  from  Sec.  23,  Art.  VI. 

Sec.  8.  The  real  and  personal  estate  of  every  woman,  acquired  before 
marriage,  and  all  property  to  which  she  may  afterwards  become  entitled 
by  gift,  grant,  inheritance  or  devise  shall  be  and  remain  the  estate  and 
property  of  such  woman,  and  shall  not  be  liable  for  the  debts,  obligations 
or  engagements  of  her  husband,  and  may  be  devised  or  bequeathed  by  her 
as  if  she  were  unmarried. 

No  change  from  Sec.  5,  Art.  XVI,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  9.  Aliens,  who  are  or  who  may  hereafter  become  bona  fide  resi- 
dents of  this  state,  shall  enjoy  the  same  rights  in  respect  to  the  possession, 
enjoyment  and  inheritance  of  property  as  native  bom  citizens. 

No  change  from  Sec.  13,  Art.  XVIII. 

Sec  10.  No  lease  or  grant  of  agricultural  land  for  agricultural  pur- 
poses for  a  longer  period  than  twelve  years,  reserving  any  rent  or  service 
of  any  kind,  shall  be  valid. 

Sec.  12,  Art.  XVIII. 

ARTICLE  XVII. 

AMENDMENT    AND    REVISION. 

Section  i.  Any  amendment  or  amendments  to  this  constitution  may 
be  proposed  in  the  senate  or  house  of  representatives.  If  the  same  shall 
be  agreed  to  by  two-thirds  of  the  members  elected  to  each  house,  such 
amendment  or  amendments  shall  be  entered  on  the  journals,  respectively, 
with  the  yeas  and  nays  taken  thereon;  and  the  same  shall  be  submitted 
to  the  electors  at  the  next  spring  or  autumn  election  thereafter,  as  the 
legislature  shall  direct;  and,  if  a  majority  of  electors  qualified  to  vote  for 
members  of  the  legislature  voting  thereon  shall  ratify  and  approve  such 
amendment  or  amendments,  the  same  shall  become  part  of  the  constitu- 
tion. 

No  change  from  Sec.  i,  Art.  XX. 

81 


Sec.  2,  Amendments  may  also  be  proposed  to  this  constitution  by 
petition  of  the  qualified  electors  of  this  state  but  no  proposed  amendment 
shall  be  submitted  to  the  electors  unless  the  number  of  petitioners  there- 
for shall  exceed  twenty  per  cent  of  the  total  number  of  electors  voting 
for  secretary  of  state  at  the  preceding  election  of  such  officer.  All  peti- 
tions shall  contain  the  full  text  of  any  proposed  amendment,  together 
with  any  existing  provisions  of  the  constitution  which  would  be  altered 
or  abrogated  thereby.  Such  petitions  shall  be  signed  at  the  regular  regis- 
tration or  election  places  at  a  regular  registration  or  election  under  the 
supervision  of  the  officials  thereof,  who  shall  verify  the  genuineness  of  the 
signatures  and  certify  the  fact  that  the  signers  are  registered  electors  of 
the  respective  townships  and  cities  in  which  they  reside,  and  shall  forth- 
with forward  the  petitions  to  the  secretary  of  state.  All  petitions  for 
amendments  filed  with  the  secretary  of  state  shall  be  certified  by  that 
officer  to  the  legislature  at  the  opening  of  its  next  regular  session;  and, 
when  such  petitions  for  any  one  proposed  amendment  shall  be  signed  by 
not  less  than  the  required  number  of  petitioners,  he  shall  also  submit  the 
proposed  amendment  to  the  electors  at  the  first  regular  election  there- 
after, unless  the  legislature  in  joint  convention  shall  disapprove  of  the 
proposed  amendment  by  a  majority  vote  of  the  members  elected.  The 
legislature  may,  by  a  like  vote,  submit  an  alternative  or  a  substitute  pro- 
posal on  the  same  subject.  The  action  of  the  legislature  shall  be  entered 
on  the  journal  of  each  house,  with  the  yeas  and  nays  taken  thereon.  But 
no  amendment  to  this  section  may  be  proposed  in  the  manner  herein 
prescribed. 

If  a  majority  of  the  electors  qualified  to  vote  for  members  of  the  legis- 
lature voting  thereon  shall  ratify  and  approve  any  such  amendment  or 
amendments,  the  same  shall  become  a  part  of  the  constitution:  Pro- 
vided, That  for  any  amendment  proposed  under  this  section,  the  affirma- 
tive vote  shall  be  not  less  than  one-third  of  the  highest  number  of  votes 
cast  at  the  said  election  for  any  office.  In  case  alternative  proposed 
amendments  on  the  same  subject  are  submitted  at  the  same  election, 
the  vote  shall  be  for  one  of  such  alternatives  or  against  such  proposed 
amendments  as  a  whole.  If  the  affirmative  vote  for  one  proposed  amend- 
ment is  the  required  majority  of  all  the  votes  cast  for  and  against  such 
proposed  amendments,  it  shall  become  a  part  of  the  constitution.  If  the 
total  affirmative  vote  for  such  alternative  proposed  amendments  is  the 

82 


required  majority  of  all  the  votes  for  and  against  them,  but  no  one  pro- 
posed amendment  receives  such  majority,  then  the  proposed  amendment 
which  receives  the  largest  number  of  affirmative  votes  shall  be  submitted 
at  the  next  regular  election,  and  if  it  then  receives  the  required  majority 
of  all  the  votes  cast  thereon  it  shall  become  a  part  of  the  constitution. 
The  legislature  shall  enact  appropriate  laws  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of 
this  section. 
New. 

Sec.  3.  All  proposed  amendments  to  the  constitution  submitted  to 
the  electors  shall  be  published  in  full,  with  any  existing  provisions  of  the 
constitution  which  would  be  altered  or  abrogated  thereby,  and  a  copy 
thereof  shall  be  posted  at  each  registration  and  election  place.  Proposed 
amendments  shall  also  be  printed  in  full  on  a  ballot  or  ballots  separate 
from  the  ballot  containing  the  names  of  nominees  for  public  office. 

New. 

Sec.  4.  At  the  general  election  to  be  held  in  the  year  nineteen  hun- 
dred twenty-six,  in  each  sixteenth  year  thereafter  and  at  such  other  times 
as  may  be  provided  by  law,  the  question  of  a  general  revision  of  the  con- 
stitution shall  be  submitted  to  the  electors  qualified  to  vote  for  members 
of  the  legislature.  In  case  a  majority  of  such  electors  voting  at  such 
election  shall  decide  in  favor  of  a  convention  for  such  purpose,  at  the 
next  biennial  spring  election  the  electors  of  each  senatorial  district  of  the 
state  as"  then  organized  shall  elect  three  delegates.  The  delegates  so 
elected  shall  convene  at  the  state  capitol  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  Septem- 
ber next  succeeding  such  election,  and  shall  continue  their  sessions  until 
the  business  of  the  convention  shall  be  completed.  A  majority  of  the 
delegates  elected  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of  busi- 
ness. The  convention  shall  choose  its  own  officers,  determine  the  rules 
of  its  proceedings  and  judge  of  the  qualifications,  elections  and  returns  of 
its  members.  In  case  of  a  vacancy  by  death,  resignation  or  otherwise, 
of  any  delegate,  such  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  appointment  by  the  gov- 
ernor of  a  qualified  resident  of  the  same  district.  The  convention  shall 
have  power  to  appoint  such  officers,  employes  and  assistants  as  it  may 
deem  necessary  and  to  fix  their  compensation,  and  to  provide  for  the  print- 
ing and  distribution  of  its  documents,  journals  and  proceedings.  Each 
delegate  shall  receive  for  his  services  the  sum  of  one  thousand  dollars  and 

83 


the  same  mileage  as  shall  then  be  payable  to  members  of  the  legislature, 
but  such  compensation  may  be  increased  by  law.  No  proposed  consti- 
tution or  amendment  adopted  by  such  convention  shall  be  submitted  to 
the  electors  for  approval  as  hereinafter  provided  unless  by  the  assent  of 
a  majority  of  all  the  delegates  elected  to  the  convention,  the  yeas  and 
nays  being  entered  on  the  journal.  Any  proposed  constitution  or  amend- 
ments adopted  by  such  convention  shall  be  submitted  to  the  qualified 
electors  in  the  manner  provided  by  such  convention  on  the  first  Monday 
in  April  following  the  final  adjournment  of  the  convention;  but,  in  case 
an  interval  of  at  least  ninety  days  shall  not  intervene  between  such  final  ad- 
journment and  the  date  of  such  election,  then  it  shall  be  submitted  at  the 
next  general  election.  Upon  the  approval  of  such  constitution  or  amend- 
ments by  a  majority  of  the  qualified  electors  voting  thereon  such  consti- 
tution or  amendments  shall  take  effect  on  the  first  day  of  January  follow- 
ing the  approval  thereof. 

Substituted  for  Sec.  2,  Art.  XX. 

SCHEDULE. 

That  no  inconvenience  may  arise  from  the  changes  in  the  constitution 
of  this  state,  and  in  order  to  carry  the  same  into  complete  operation,  it  is 
hereby  declared  that : 

Section  i.  The  common  law  and  the  statute  laws  now  in  force,  not 
repugnant  to  this  constitution,  shall  remain  in  force  until  they  expire  by 
their  own  limitations,  or  are  altered  or  repealed. 

Final  words  "by  the  legislature"  omitted. 

Sec.  2.  All  writs,  actions,  causes  of  action,  prosecutions  and  rights 
of  individuals,  and  of  bodies  corporate,  and  of  the  state,  and  all  charters 
of  incorporation  which  shall  not  have  been  heretofore  forfeited  or  be- 
come subject  to  forfeiture  shall  continue;  and  all  complaints,  informa- 
tions or  indictments  which  shall  have  been  made,  filed  or  found  or  which 
may  hereafter  be  made,  filed  or  found  for  any  crime  or  offense  committed 
before  the  adoption  of  this  constitution,  may  be  proceeded  upon  as  if  no 
change  had  taken  place.  The  several  courts  shall  continue  with  the 
same  powers  and  jurisdiction,  both  at  law  and  in  equity,  as  heretofore, 
until  otherwise  provided  by  law. 

No  change. 

84 


Sec.  3.  All  fines,  taxes,  penalties,  forfeitures  and  escheats,  accruing 
to  the  state  or  any  municipal  corporation  under  the  existing  constitution 
and  laws,  shall  accrue  to  the  use  of  the  state  or  such  municipal  corpora- 
tion under  this  constitution. 

No  change. 

Sec.  4.  All  recognizances,  bonds,  obligations  and  all  other  instru- 
ments entered  into  or  executed  before  the  adoption  of  this  constitution 
to  the  people  of  this  state,  or  to  any  municipal  corporation,  or  to  any 
public  officer  or  public  body,  or  which  may  be  entered  into  or  executed 
under  existing  laws  to  the  people  of  this  state  or  to  any  such  officer  or 
public  body  shall  remain  binding  and  valid,  and  rights  and  liabilities 
upon  the  same  shall  continue  and  may  be  prosecuted  as  provided  by  law. 
And  all  crimes  and  misdemeanors  and  penal  actions  shall  be  prosecuted, 
tried  and  punished  as  though  no  change  had  taken  place,  until  otherwise 
provided  by  law. 

No  change,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  5.  All  officers,  civil  and  military,  now  holding  any  office  or  ap- 
pointment, shall  continue  to  hold  their  respective  offices,  unless  removed 
by  competent  authority,  until  superseded  under  the  laws  now  in  force  or 
under  this  constitution. 

No  change  from  Sec.  6,  Schedule. 

Sec.  6.  All  officers  elected  under  the  existing  constitution  and  laws 
on  the  Tuesday  after  the  first  Monday  of  November,  nineteen  hundred 
eight,  shall  take  office  on  and  after  the  first  day  of  January,  nineteen 
hundred  nine,  under  this  constitution. 

Supplants  Sec.  8,  Schedule. 

Sec.  7.  Until  otherwise  provided,  the  salaries  or  compensation  of  all 
public  officers  shall  continue  as  provided  under  the  existing  constitution 
and  laws. 

Supplants  Sec.  20,  Schedule. 

Sec.  8.  The  attorney  general  of  the  state  shall  prepare  and  report 
to  the  legislature  at  the  commencement  of  the  next  session  such  changes 
in  existing  laws  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  to  adapt  the  same  to  this 
constitution. 

Supplants  Sec.  14,  Schedule. 

85 


Sec.  9.  Any  territory  attached  or  that  may  be  attached  to  any  county 
for  judicial  purposes,  if  not  otherwise  represented,  shall  be  considered  as 
forming  a  part  of  such  county,  so  far  as  regards  elections  for  the  purpose 
of  representation. 

No  change  from  Sec.  15,  Schedule,  except  in  phraseology. 

Sec.  10.  This  constitution  shall  be  submitted  to  ths  people  for  their 
adoption  or  rejection  at  the  general  election  to  be  held  on  the  Tuesday 
after  the  first  Monday  of  November,  nineteen  hundred  eight.  It  shall 
be  the  duty  of  the  secretary  of  state  to  forthwith  give  notice  of  such  sub- 
mission to  the  sheriffs  of  the  several  counties,  and  it  shall  also  be  the  duty 
of  the  secretary  of  state  and  all  other  officers  required  to  give  or  publish 
any  notice  in  regard  to  said  election,  to  give  notice  as  provided  by  law 
in  case  of  an  election  for  governor,  that  this  constitution  will  be  duly 
submitted  to  the  electors  at  said  election. 

Supersedes  Sec.  i6,  Schedule. 

Sec.  II.  Every  person  entitled  to  vote  for  members  of  the  legislature 
under  the  existing  constitution  and  laws  may  vote  on  said  adoption  or 
rejection,  and  the  board  of  election  commissioners  in  each  county  shall 
cause  to  be  printed  on  a  ballot  separate  from  the  ballot  containing  the 
names  of  the  nominees  for  office  the  words  "Adoption  of  the  Revised 
Constitution  [  ]  Yes."  "Adoption  of  the  Revised  Constitution  [  ]  No." 
All  votes  cast  at  said  election  shall  be  taken,  counted,  canvassed  and 
returned  as  provided  by  law  for  the  election  of  state  officers.  Should 
the  revised  constitution  so  submitted  receive  more  votes  in  its  favor  than 
shall  be  cast  against  it,  it  shall  be  the  supreme  law  of  the  state  on  and 
after  the  first  day  of  January,  nineteen  hundred  nine,  except  as  herein 
otherwise  provided ;  otherwise  it  shall  be  rejected. 

Supplants  Sees.  17,  18,  and  19  Schedule. 

Adopted  by  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  nmeteen  hundred  seven 
at  the  capitol  at  Lansing  on  the  twenty-first  day  of  February,  nineteen 
hundred  eight. 

JOHN  J.  CARTON, 
PAUL  H.  KING,  President. 

Secretary. 


86 


ELIMINATED  SECTIONS  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  1850. 

Art.  IV,  Sec.  4.  All  that  portion  which  directs  the  taking  of  a  state 
census  once  in  ten  years. 

Art.  IV,  Sec.  16.  Allowing  the  legislature  to  provide  for  the  pay- 
ment of  postage  on  mailable  matter  received  by  its  members,  but  not  on 
any  sent  by  them. 

Art.  VII,  Sec.  8.  Providing  that  any  inhabitant  engaging  in  a  duel 
shall  be  disqualified  from  voting  or  holding  office. 

Art.  X,  Sec.  10.  Giving  certain  county  boards  of  supervisors  or 
auditors  exclusive  power  to  fix  compensation  for  services  rendered  for 
and  adjust  claims  against  their  respective  counties,  subject  to  no  appeal. 
This  section  superseded  by  Sec.  9,  Art.  VIII. 

Art.  XIV,  Sec.  2.  Providing  for  a  sinking  fund  of  at  least  $20,000 
a  year,  beginning  in  the  year  1852,  to  be  applied  to  the  extinguishment  of 
the  state  debt. 

Art.  XV,  Sec.  1.  All  that  portion  which  permits  the  legislature  to 
create  a  single  bank  with  branches. 

Art.  XV,  Sec.  3.  Making  the  officers  and  stockholders  of  banking 
corporations  which  issue  bank  notes  or  paper  credits  to  circulate  as  money 
individually  liable  for  debts,  etc. 

Art.  XV,  Sec.  4.  Providing  for  the  registry  of  all  bills  or  notes  issued 
or  put  in  circulation  as  money. 

Art.  XV,  Sec.  5.  Making  the  bill  holders  of  any  bank  preferred 
creditors  in  case  of  its  insolvency. 

Art.  XV,  Sec.  6.  Providing  that  the  legislature  shall  pass  no  law 
authorizing  the  suspension  of  specie  payments  by  any  person,  association 
or  corporation. 

Art.  XV,  Sec.  16.  Requiring  notice  to  be  given  of  any  application 
for  an  alteration  of  the  charter  of  any  corporation. 

Art.  XIX,  Sec.  i.  Providing  that  certain  counties  of  the  upper 
peninsula,  with  certain  islands,  shall  constitute  a  separate  judicial  dis- 
trict. 

87 


Art.  XIX,  Sec.  2.  Providing  for  the  election  of  a  district  judge 
for  the  territory  mentioned  in  section  1,  and  defining  his  powers  and  duties. 

Art.  XIX,  Sec.  3.     Providing  for  a  district  attorney  for  said  district. 

Art.  XIX,  Sec.  4.  Prescribing  the  representation  of  said  district  in 
the  legislature. 

Art.  XIX,  Sec.  5.  Providing  salaries  in  said  district  for  the  judge, 
district  attorney,  and  extra  compensation  for  members  of  the  legisla- 
ture. 

Art.  XIX,  Sec.  6.  Prescribing  the  time  for  election  and  the  canvass 
of  votes  in  said  district. 

Art.  XIX,  Sec.  7.  Providing  for  a  division  between  the  state  and  the 
several  counties,  of  the  annual  tax  of  one  per  cent  from  mining  corpora- 
tions of  the  upper  peninsula. 

Art.  XIX,  Sec.  8.  Permitting  the  legislature  to  change  the  location 
of  the  state  prison  from  Jackson  to  the  upper  peninsula. 

Art.  XIX,  Sec.  9.  Relative  to  amending  special  charters  then  exist- 
ing of  mining  corporations. 

Schedule,  Secs.  5,  7,  8,  9,  10,  11,  12  and  13. 

Schedule,  Secs.  16,  17,  i8  and  19,  superseded  by  Secs.  10  and  11  of  the 
Schedule. 

Schedule,  Sec.  20.     A  similar  provision  appears  in  Art.  XVI,  Sec.  3. 

Schedule,  Sec.  21. 

Schedule,  Sec.  22.     See  Art.  V,  Sec.  3. 

Schedule,  Secs.  23,  25,  26  and  29. 

Schedule  Sec.  24.  Substantially  the  same  provision  is  found  in  Art. 
XVI,  Sec.  I. 

Schedule,  Sec.  27.     Similar  provisions  found  in  Art.  V,  Sec.  4. 

Schedule,  Sec.  28.     Superseded  by  Art.  XVI,  Sec.  i. 


JOHN  J.  CARTON,  President. 


UNIV'^^Pj 


PAUL  H.  KING,  Secretary. 


-iA^rIa^ 


/  OF  The 


OF 


4yfORN\h^ 


BIOGRAPHIES  OF  THE  MEMBERS 


OF    THE 


CONSTITUTIONAL  CONVENTION 


OF 


1  oo  r. 


WILLIAM  H.  ACKER 

delegate  from  the  twelfth  district,  Oakland  and  Macomb  coun- 
ties, was  born  in  Portage,  N.  Y.,  in  185 1  and  is  of  English  de- 
scent. He  graduated  from  the  Rushford  academy  in  1870, 
afterwards  taking  a  business  course  in  a  commercial  college  at 
Buffalo.  He  was  married  to  Mary  C.  Gordon  in  1873  and  came 
to  Michigan  the  same  year,  locating  at  Carson  City,  Montcalm 
county,  where  he  engaged  in  the  lumber  and  banking  business. 
In  1878  he  sold  out  his  business  and  went  to  Richmond,  where  he 
established  the  Richmond  bank,  at  that  time  the  third  bank  in 
Macomb  county.  He  was  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Higgins 
Land  Co.  and  the  Olean  Land  Co.  of  Minnesota,  and  is  a  di- 
rector in  both  companies.  In  1896,  he,  with  others,  organized 
the  Richmond  Elevator  Co.,  of  which  he  is  now  president.  He 
is  a  director  in  the  Parker  Plow  Co.  of  Richmond,  a  mem- 
of  the  Michigan  Bankers'  Association,  and  chairman  of  the 
private  Bankers'  Executive  Committee.  He  has  always  been  a 
republican  and  never  held  any  elective  office,  except  the  presi- 
dency of  the  village  of  Richmond. 

EDGAR  J.  ADAMS 

delegate  from  the  sixteenth  district,  Kent  county,  was  bom 
in  Branch  county  in  1866,  and  is  of  English,  German  and 
Scotch  descent.  Mr.  Adams  was  the  son  of  a  farmer,  receiv- 
ing his  education  in  the  district  schools  and  was  employed  as 
clerk  and  bookkeeper  before  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He 
has  held  the  office  of  justice  of  the  peace,  was  member  of  the 

91 


House  of  Representatives  in  1897  and  1899,  being  Speaker  of 
the  House  the  latter  year,  and  was  candidate  for  judge  of  the 
Superior  Court  of  Grand  Rapids.  He  is  now  engaged  in  the 
practice  of  law  in  that  city. 

THERON  W.  ATWOOD 

delegate  from  the  twenty-first  district,  Tuscola  county,  was 
bom  in  White  Oak,  Ingham  county,  in  1854,  but  has  been  a 
resident  of  Tuscola  county  since  infancy.  His  early  educa- 
tion was  obtained  in  the  schools  of  that  county,  graduating 
from  the  law  department  of  the  University  of  Michigan  in 
1875.  He  has  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  since  that  time. 
Mr.  Atwood  was  prosecuting  attorney  for  four  terms,  state 
senator  for  two  terms  and  served  as  commissioner  of  railroads 
from  1903  to  1907.     He  is  married  and  resides  at  Caro. 

ROBERT  SIMEON  BABCOCK 

delegate  from  the  twenty-sixth  district,  Manistee  county,  was 
bom  in  Milwaukee,  Wis.,  in  1868,  and  is  of  English  and  Ameri- 
can descent.  He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Mil- 
waukee and  Chicago  and  graduated  from  the  high  school  at 
Manistee.  He  attended  the  University  of  Michigan,  being  a 
member  of  the  class  of  '89.  Mr.  Babcock  has  been  a  resident  of 
Michigan  for  thirty  years,  and  has  been  engaged  in  the  lum- 
bering business  ever  since  he  left  college.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  Michigan  National  Guard  for  seven  years,  leaving  the 
service  with  rank  of  lieutenant  colonel.  He  is  a  member  of 
the  Masonic  order,  Elks  and  Foresters. 


92 


WILLIAM  H.  ACKER. 


EDGAR  J.  ADAMS. 


THERON  W.  ATWOOD. 


ROBERT  S.  BABCOCK. 


JOHN  BAIRD 

delegate  from  the  twenty-second  district,  Saginaw  county,  was 
bom  in  Quebec,  Canada,  the  eleventh  day  of  February,  i860. 
He  came  to  Michigan  when  fourteen  years  of  age  and  was 
engaged  in  salt  packing  for  thirty-two  years.  He  was  elected 
justice  of  the  peace  in  the  spring  of  1890,  and  was  elected  to 
the  legislature  in  the  fall  of  1894.  He  served  as  supervisor  of 
his  town  for  five  years,  and  was  elected  to  the  Senate  in  1900. 
He  was  re-elected  in  1902  and  1904.  He  is  now  engaged  in 
the  poultry  and  pet  stock  business.  Mr.  Baird  has  been  chair- 
man of  the  republican  county  committee  for  the  past  twelve 
years. 

CLARKE  E.  BALDWIN 

delegate  from  the  fifth  district,  Lenawee  and  Monroe  counties, 
was  bom  in  187 1  at  Canandaigua,  Mich.,  and  is  of  English 
descent.  He  attended  the  country  schools  until  he  was  six- 
teen years  of  age  and  graduated  from  the  Adrian  high  school 
in  1892  and  from  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1896.  He 
was  married  to  Adelia  A.  Wing  in  1900,  and  has  one  son,  Clark 
Wing.  He  worked  on  a  farm  during  his  boyhood  and  moved 
to  Adrian  in  1888,  where  he  has  practiced  law  since  1896,  and 
is  now  a  member  of  the  law  firm  of  Smith,  Baldwin  &  Alex- 
ander of  that  city. 

FREDERICK  J.  BALDWIN 

delegate  from  the  eighteenth  district,  Ionia  and  Montcalm 
counties,  was  bom  in  Dexter,  Mich,  in  1867,  ^^^  is  of  New 
England  ancestry,  being  ninth  in  line  from  Richard  Baldwin 
of  Buckinghamshire,  England,  one  of  the  founders  of  Milford, 
Conn.,  which  was  settled  in  1639.     He  received  his  education 

93 


in  the  public  schools  and  Albion  college.  He  was  married  in 
1890  to  Mary  Haviland,  a  granddaughter  of  "Aunt"  Laura  S. 
Haviland.  Mr.  Baldwin  was  a  messenger  in  the  legislature 
from  1883  to  1887  and  is  a  member  of  the  State  Board  of  Library 
Commissioners.  He  has  been  engaged  in  the  hardware  busi- 
ness since  1888,  and  is  located  at  Coral,  Mich. 


LEVI  LEWIS  BARBOUR 

delegate  from  the  second  district,  Wayne  county,  was  born  in 
Monroe,  Mich.,  August  14,  1840,  of  American  parents.  He 
received  his  education  at  the  State  University,  graduating  with 
the  class  of  '63,  literary  department,  and  the  class  of  '65,  law. 
He  has  practiced  law  since  his  graduation  and  has  twice  been 
appointed  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  the  regency  of  the  university. 
Mr.  Barbour  is  married  and  has  been  a  resident  of  Michigan  all 
his  life.  He  was  elected  to  the  convention  during  his  absence 
from  the  country  and  gave  no  pledges  in  order  to  receive  the 
election.  He  was  a  candidate  for  the  office  of  Regent  of  the 
University  at  the  republican  state  convention  held  at  Grand 
Rapids  in  the  spring  of  1907. 

HORACE  T.  BARNABY,  JR. 

delegate  from  the  seventeenth  district,  Kent  county,  was  bom 
in  North  Star  township,  Gratiot  county,  October  24,  1870,  of 
American  parents.  His  father  was  Bishop  H.  T.  Barnaby  of 
the  United  Brethren  Church.  He  received  his  education  in 
Hartsville  College,  Ind.,  Kalamazoo  College,  Ferris  Industrial 
School  and  the  University  of  Michigan.  On  April  5,  1893,  he 
married  Mary  E.  Ryno.  The}^  have  three  sons.  His  occupa- 
tion was  that  of  a  farmer  until  April,   1893,  when  he  began 

94 


JOHN  BAIRD. 


CLARKE  E.  BALDWIN. 


FREDERICK  J.  BALDWIN. 


LEVI  L.  BARBOUR. 


teaching  school,  which  occupation  he  followed  until  1898,  but 
continued  to  live  on  the  farm  until  June,  1903,  when  he  re- 
moved to  the  city  of  Grand  Rapids,  and  took  up  the  practice 
of  law.  He  has  always  been  a  resident  of  Michigan,  and  has 
held  the  office  of  township  clerk,  supervisor  and  member  of 
the  legislature,  and  was  a  candidate  for  probate  judge  of  Kent 
county  in  1904.  He  was  elected  to  the  convention  by  a  large 
majority. 

JAMES  FOOTE  BARNETT 

delegate  from  the  sixteenth  district,  Kent  county,  was  born  in 
Grand  Rapids  in  1869  and  is  of  American  descent.  He  attended 
the  public  schools  of  Grand  Rapids  and  graduated  from  Yale 
and  Columbia  universities.  Mr.  Bamett  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1896  and  is  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law.  He  has 
contributed  articles  to  magazines,  chiefly  to  the  legal  journals. 

CHARLES  MARION  BLACK 

delegate  from  the  twenty-third  district,  Muskegon  and  Ottawa 
counties,  was  bom  on  a  farm  near  Three  Rivers,  St.  Joseph 
county,  February  i,  1874.  His  ancestors  came  to  America 
somewhere  near  the  year  1740.  Mr.  Black  is  of  Scotch,  Eng- 
lish, French  and  German  descent.  He  received  a  common 
school  education,  his  parents  being  poor,  and  early  in  life  was 
apprenticed  to  the  trade  of  cigar  making.  What  he  has  accom- 
plished in  life  has  been  through  his  own  efforts.  Mr.  Black 
first  came  to  Muskegon  in  1882,  and  is  married.  This  is  the 
only  office  in  the  gift  of  the  people  to  which  he  has  ever 
aspired.  He  w^on  the  nomination  under  a  keen  competi- 
tion, running  ahead  of  his  ticket  at  the  election. 


95 


NATHAN  S.  BOYNTON 

delegate  from  the  eleventh  district,  St.  Clair  county,  was  bom 
in  Port  Huron,  June  23,  1837,  and  is  of  English  and  German 
descent,  his  father's  ancestry  descending  from  Sir  Mathew 
Boynton,  of  England,  and  his  mother's  from  Capt.  Louis  Rendt 
of  the  German  army.  Mr.  Boynton  attended  the  country  dis- 
trict schools  and  graduated  from  the  Waukegan,  Ills.,  high 
school  when  sixteen  years  of  age.  He  lived  on  a  farm  until 
he  was  twenty  years  old.  In  1859  he  married  Miss  Annie 
Fields  German,  at  Cincinnati,  O.,  who  is  still  living.  He  spent 
five  years  of  his  life  in  mercantile  business  and  another  five 
in  the  real  estate  and  insurance  business.  Mr.  Boynton  be- 
came Great  Commander  of  the  Knights  of  the  Maccabees  in 
1 88 1  and  held  the  position  twenty-seven  years.  He  has  held 
the  position  of  city  clerk  at  Marine  City,  and  was  also  presi- 
dent of  that  village.  He  was  supervisor  from  1866  to  1870 
and  served  as  representative  in  the  legislature  in  1869.  He 
was  also  mayor  of  Port  Huron  for  four  terms. 

ARCHIBALD  BROOMFIELD 

delegate  from  the  twenty-fifth  district,  Newaygo,  Mecosta, 
Isabella  and  Osceola  counties,  was  bom  on  a  farm  in  Isabella 
county  in  1875,  ^^^  is  of  Scotch  descent.  He  was  educated 
in  the  district  schools  and  worked  on  the  farm  until  1896, 
when  he  attended  the  Ferris  Institute  at  Big  Rapids.  He 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1902,  taking  the 
degree  of  LL.B.  He  immediately  began  the  practice  of  law 
in  Big  Rapids,  forming  a  partnership  with  A.  B.  Cogger.  In 
1909  he  was  appointed  city  attorney  of  Big  Rapids. 


96 


HORACE  T.   BARNABY,  JR. 


JAMES  F.   BARNETT. 


CHARLEvS  M.   BLACK. 


NATHAN  S.   BOYNTON. 


JEFFERSON  G.  BROWN 

delegate  from  the  eleventh  district,  St.  Clair  county,  was  bom 
in  Kenockee  township,  St.  Clair  county,  in  1872,  and  is  of 
English  and  Irish  descent.  His  father  was  Delmere  Brown  of 
the  same  township,  prominent  lumberman  and  farmer.  He  is 
a  graduate  of  the  Flint  high  school.  In  1893  he  married  Edna 
Green  and  has  three  children.  Mr.  Brown  was  engaged  in 
lumbering  and  the  mill  business  for  seven  years  and  is  now  a 
farmer.  He  held  the  office  of  supervisor  for  six  years.  His 
post  office  address  is  Avoca. 

THOMAS  H.  BROWN 

delegate  from  the  first  district,  Wayne  county,  was  born  at 
Greenfield,  January  30,  i860,  of  English  parents.  He  received 
his  education  in  the  district  school.  In  November,  1888,  he  mar- 
ried Miss  Louisa  Granzow,  of  Royal  Oak,  and  has  one  daughter. 
He  has  been  a  resident  of  Michigan  all  his  life  and  by  occupa- 
tion is  a  farmer.  Mr.  Brown  was  supervisor  of  Greenfield  for 
nine  years. 

WILLIAM  E.  BROWN 

delegate  from  the  twenty-first  district,  Lapeer  county,  was 
bom  in  Hadley  township,  Lapeer  county,  in  1863,  and  is  of 
American  descent.  His  father  and  mother  were  pioneer  set- 
tlers of  Lapeer  county,  coming  from  New  York.  Mr.  Brown 
was  bom  on  the  farm  where  they  settled.  He  received  his 
education  in  the  district  schools,  village  high  school  and  grad- 
uated from  the  University  of  Michigan.  He  worked  on  the 
farm  while  a  boy  and  during  vacations  for  a  period  of  five 
years,  at  which  time  he  was  occupied  as  a  school  teacher.     He 

97 


married  Miss  Grace  E.  Palmer,  of  Imlay  City,  and  they  have 
a  family  of  four  children,  three  sons  and  one  daughter.  In 
1887  Mr.  Brown  was  admitted  to  the  bar  and  has  practiced  law 
ever  since.  He  has  held  the  office  of  circuit  court  commis- 
sioner, prosecuting  attorney,  state  senator  and  city  attorney. 

WELLINGTON  R.  BURT 

delegate  from  the  twenty-second  district,  Saginaw  county,  was 
bom  in  New  York  state,  August,  1831,  of  English  parents.  He 
has  resided  in  Michigan  since  1837,  ^-^^  is  a  manufacturer. 
He  was  elected  to  the  convention  on  non-partisan  ticket. 

CLARENCE  MONROE  BURTON 

delegate  from  the  second  district,  Wayne  county,  was  born  in 
California,  November  18,  1853,  of  English  parents.  He  re- 
ceived his  education  in  the  common  schools  of  Hastings,  Mich., 
and  the  University  of  Michigan.  He  graduated  from  the  law 
department  of  the  University  in  1874,  and  has  since  been  en- 
gaged as  a  lawyer  and  abstractor  of  titles  in  Detroit.  Mr. 
Burton  has  been  a  resident  of  Michigan  since  1855.  He  has 
held  the  offices  of  member  of  board  of  estimates  and  board 
of  education  in  Detroit,  and  has  for  several  years  been  the 
president  of  the  Pioneer  and  Historical  society  of  Michigan. 

WILLIAM  DUDLEY  CALVERLEY 

delegate  from  the  thirty-second  district,  Houghton  county,  was 
bom  in  Canada  in  1853,  and  is  of  English  and  Irish  descent. 
He  is  the  nephew  of  Charles  Stuart  Calverley,  author  and  Dean 
of    Oxford.     Mr.    Calverley    attended    the    public    schools    at 

98 


ARCHIBALD  BROOMFIELD. 


JEFFERSON  G.  BROWN. 


THOMAvS  H.  BROWN. 


WILLIAM  E.   EROWN. 


Houghton,  but  left  school  when  he  was  fourteen  years  old.  He 
sailed  the  lakes  as  a  sailor  for  six  years  and  then  entered  train 
service  as  a  brakeman  and  afterwards  conductor.  He  then 
went  into  the  employ  of  the  Shelden  estate  as  bookkeeper  and 
served  in  that  capacity  for  twenty-three  years.  He  is  now  an 
officer  of  the  Shelden  Estate  Company  and  is  interested  in 
mines,  real  estate  and  banking.  In  1904  he  married  Miss  Mary 
Temby  Roberts,  and  they  have  two  sons,  Harry  Roberts  and 
William  Dudley,  Jr.  Mr.  Caverley  has  served  as  supervisor  of 
Portage  township  for  six  terms. 

GORDON. R.  CAMPBELL 

delegate  from  the  thirty-second  district,  Houghton  county,  was 
bom  in  Middlesex  county,  Ontario,  in  1870,  and  is  of  Scottish 
descent.  He  was  educated  in  the  public  schools  and  grad- 
uated from  the  Collegiate  Institute  at  Strathroy,  Ontario,  and 
also  from  the  law  department  of  the  University  of  Michigan  in 
1893.  He  was  married  in  1902  to  Miss  Lou  C.  Holly,  of  Mil- 
waukee, Wis.  Mr.  Campbell  practiced  law  from  1893  to  1901 
and  has  been  engaged  in  the  mining  business  since  that  time. 
He  is  secretary  of  the  Calumet  &  Arizona  Mining  Company  and 
the  Superior  &  Pittsburg  Copper  Company,  both  operating  in 
Arizona.  He  came  to  Michigan  to  attend  the  law  school  in 
1 89 1,  and  located  in  Marine  City  in  1893,  where  he  stayed  un- 
til 1898    when  he  moved  to  Calumet. 

HENRY  MUNROE  CAMPBELL 

delegate  from  the  first  district,  Wayne  county,  was  born  in 
Detroit,  April  18,  1854,  the  eldest  son  of  the  Honorable  James 
Valentine  Campbell,  associate  justice  and  chief  justice  of  the 

99 


Supreme  Court  of  Michigan  for  over  thirty-two  years,  who 
married  Cornelia  Hotchkiss,  a  daughter  of  Chauncey  Hotch- 
kiss,  one  of  the  builders  of  the  Erie  Canal.  He  is  of  wholly 
American  descent.  In  the  fifth  generation  he  is  a  descendant 
of  Duncan  Campbell,  an  officer  of  a  Highland  regiment  who 
came  to  America  during  the  French  and  Indian  wars.  His 
other  ancestors  were  chiefly  New  Englanders,  and  include  such 
names  as  Hotchkiss,  Bushnell,  Ensign  and  Sedgwick — ^Major 
General  Robert  Sedgwick  who  was  appointed  by  Olive  Crom- 
well a  High  Commissioner  to  Massachusetts,  and  who  died  as 
Governor  of  Jamaica,  was  a  direct  ancestor;  and  Horace  Bush- 
nell, the  famous  Congregational  divine,  was  a  first  cousin  of 
Mr.  Campbell's  father.  Mr.  Campbell  received  his  education 
in  the  public  schools  of  Detroit  and  at  the  University  of  Michi- 
gan, where  he  was  graduated  from  the  literary  department  in 
1876  with  the  degree  of  Ph.  B.  and  from  the  law  department 
in  1878  with  the  degree  of  LL.B.  In  1878  he  formed  a  partner- 
ship with  Henry  Russel,  now  general  'counsel  of  the  Michigan 
Central  Railroad.  In  1880  he  was  appointed  a  master  in  chan- 
cery of  the  United  States  Circuit  Court,  which  office  he  still 
holds.  November  twenty-second,  1881,  he  married  Caroline 
Boardman  Burtenshaw,  a  daughter  of  James  Burtenshaw,  a  well 
known  Detroit  merchant,  and  has  two  sons.  Mr.  Campbell  has 
lived  without  interruption,  in  Detroit,  and  has  never  held  any 
political  office.  In  addition  to  membership  in  the  American 
Bar  Association,  the  Michigan  Bar  Association  and  the  Detroit 
Bar  Association,  Mr.  Campbell  has  become  identified  with  many 
non-professional  and  social  organizations.  He  was  an  original 
member  of  the  Michigan  Naval  Brigade  and  president  of  the 
Detroit  Naval  Reserves  during  the  Spanish  war.  He  belongs 
to  the  Detroit  Club,  of  which  he  was  president  for  three  years, 
the  Yondotega  Club,  Country  Club,  University  Club,  Detroit 


100 


WELLINGTON  R.  BURT. 


CLARENCE  M.  BURTON. 


WILLL^M  D.  CALVERLEY. 


GORDON  R.  CAMPBELL. 


Boat  Club  and  Prismatic  Club,  in  Detroit,  and  of  the  Huron 
Mountain  Club.  Mr.  Campbell  has  been  a  lifelong  member 
of  the  Episcopal  Church  and  for  years  a  vestryman  of  Christ 
Church,  Detroit.  Mr.  Campbell  led  the  poll  in  his  district, 
both  at  the  primary  vote  and  the  September  election.  In  the 
convention  he  was  made  chairman  of  the  committee  on  per- 
manent organization  and  order  of  business,  which  afterwards  be- 
came a  permanent  committee,  he  was  also  made  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  the  legislative  department.  He  was  also  made 
a  member  of  the  committee  on  schedules,  and  was  added  to 
the  committee  on  phraseology  and  arrangement  towards  the 
close  of  the  convention  when  that  committee  was  required  to 
put  the  general  revision  into  its  final  form.  When  the  con- 
vention determined  that  the  revised  constitution  should  be 
submitted  to  the  people  for  ratification  at  the  November  elec- 
tion, instead  of  in  April  as  the  legislature  had  provided,  Mr. 
Campbell  represented  the  convention  before  the  Supreme  Court 
and  secured  an  opinion  sustaining  the  action  of  the  convention. 

JOHN  J.  CARTON 

delegate  from  the  thirteenth  district,  Genesee  county,  was  born 
in  Clayton,  Genesee  county,  in  1856,  and  is  of  Irish  descent. 
He  was  educated  in  the  district  schools  in  the  township  of 
Clayton,  afterwards  attended  the  Flushing  high  school  and  for 
a  time  attended  the  school  in  Flint.  He  was  by  turns  a  farmer, 
clerk  and  school  teacher  until  1877,  when  he  worked  in  a  drug 
store  at  Flushing  until  August  of  that  year,  then  accepting  a 
position  with  Niles  &  Cotcher,  merchants  at  Flushing,  as  book- 
keeper. He  remained  there  until  December,  1880,  in  which 
year  he  was  elected  clerk  of  Genesee  county,  serving  four  years 
in  that  capacity.     In  the  meantime  he  studied  law  and  was 

lOI 


admitted  to  the  bar  in  1884.  He  at  once  formed  a  partner- 
ship with  George  H.  Durand,  under  the  firm  name  of  Durand 
and  Carton.  Mr.  Carton  was  city  attorney  for  two  years.  He 
was  a  member  of  the  House  of  Representatives  from  1899  to 
1905  and  served  as  Speaker  of  the  House  in  1901  and  1903. 
At  the  opening  of  the  Constitutional  Convention  of  1907,  he 
was  unanimously  chosen  its  president  and  served  in  that  capac- 
ity until  the  convention  adjourned. 

MARTIN  J.  CAVANAUGH 

delegate  from  the  tenth  district,  Jackson  and  Washtenaw  coun- 
ties, was  bom  in  the  township  of  Manchester,  Washtenaw 
county,  on  the  twenty-third  day  of  July,  1866,  and  attended 
the  district  school  in  the  township  of  Sharon  until  about  four- 
teen years  of  age,  when  he  went  to  the  village  of  Manchester 
and  graduated  from  the  Manchester  high  school  in  1883  and 
from  the  literary  department  of  the  University  of  Michigan  with 
the  Degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts  in  1887.  The  same  year  he  was 
admitted  to  the  bar  and  commenced  the  practice  of  law  in  the 
village  of  Chelsea,  and  shortly  thereafter  removed  to  the  city 
of  Ann  Arbor,  where  he  has  resided  ever  since.  Mr.  Cavanaugh 
was  married  November  sixth,  1889,  to  Miss  Mary  C.  Seery,  and 
has  four  children.  He  has  always  been  interested  in  public 
education  and  has  been  commissioner  of  the  schools  of  Wash- 
tenaw county  and  president  of  the  board  of  education  for  the 
city  of  Ann  Arbor  for  a  number  of  years,  and  was  elected  dele- 
gate to  the  Constitutional  Convention  by  the  tenth  senatorial 
district  as  a  Democrat,  although  the  district  was  overwhelm- 
ingly Republican,  and  has  been  nominated  by  his  party  for 
circuit  judge  of  his  district  and  for  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court 
of  this  state. 

102 


HENRY  M.  CAMPBELL. 


MARTIN  J.   CAVANAUGH. 


MERRITT  CHANDLER. 


ALBERT  B.  COOK. 


OF   THE 

UN/VERSITY 

OF 


MERRITT  CHANDLER 

delegate  from  the  twenty-ninth  district,  Presque  Isle  county, 
was  born  in  Lenawee  county,  November  twenty -ninth,  1843, 
of  English  and  Welsh  ancestry,  who  located  at  Philadelphia 
about  1680.  His  father's  sister  was  an  anti-slavery  poetess. 
He  finished  his  education  in  a  seminary.  Mr.  Chandler  was 
born  on  a  farm  and  lived  there  twenty-seven  years.  After 
that  he  became  a  lumberman,  living  in  Cass  county  for  five 
years,  and  moved  to  Cheboygan  where  he  built  the  state  road 
from  Petoskey  to  Presque  Isle  Harbor,  also  seventeen  miles 
of  state  road  crossing  at  Onaway.  In  1887  he  moved  to  On- 
away  and  platted  the  village  of  Onaway  in  1892.  In  1898  he 
secured  the  location  of  a  railroad  and  later  the  establishment  of 
saw  mills  and  hardwood  manufacturing  plant  employing  several 
hundred  men.  This  raised  the  population  from  seventy-five 
to  3,000  people  in  five  years.     He  was  married  in  1886. 

ALBERT  BALDWIN  COOK 

delegate  from  the  fourteenth  district,  Shiawassee  county,  was 
bom  at  the  Michigan  Agricultural  College  in  1873,  and  is  of 
Quaker  descent.  He  was  educated  at  the  Agricultural  College, 
graduating  in  1893,  and  is  a  farmer  by  occupation.  Mr.  Cook 
is  married  and  lives  on  his  farm  near  Owosso. 


GEORGE  W.  COOMER 

delegate  from  the  fourth  district,  Wayne  county,  was  bom  on 
a  farm  in  the  township  of  Troy,  Oakland  county,  November 
third,  1843,  and  is  of  English  and  Holland  descent.  Both  of  his 
great  grandfathers  were  soldiers  of  the  Revolution.     He  received 

103 


an  academic  education  and  is  also  a  graduate  of  the  law  de- 
partment of  the  University  of  Michigan,  class  of  1871.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  April  of  that  year  and  has  con- 
tinued in  the  practice  of  the  law.  He  is  married  and  has  three 
children.  Mr.  Coomer  has  always  been  a  resident  of  this  state 
and  for  the  past  thirty-eight  years  a  resident  of  the  city  of 
Wyandotte,  and  was  elected  a  delegate  to  the  Constitional 
Convention,  receiving  all  the  votes  but  nine  of  his  home  city. 
He  served  in  the  legislature  in  1885  and  was  a  candidate  for 
circuit  judge  in  1887. 

OZRO  N.  CRANOR 

delegate  from  the  twenty-sixth  district,  Mason  county,  was  bom 
in  Wayne  county,  Indiana,  1855,  and  is  of  English,  German  and 
Scotch-Irish  descent.  Mr.  Cranor,  after  receiving  a  common 
school  education,  spent  one  year  at  the  Hartsville  University, 
Indiana,  and  one  year  in  Otterbein  University,  Westerville,  O. 
He  farmed,  taught  school  and  lumbered  until  1888.  Since  that 
time  he  has  practiced  law.  He  has  been  a  resident  of  Michigan 
since  1901.  Mr.  Cranor  was  appointed  to  fill  the  vacancy  oc- 
casioned by  the  resignation  of  Hon.  Roswell  P.  Bishop.  He 
served  as  representative  and  state  senator  in  the  Indiana  legis- 
lature, and  has  held  the  office  of  justice  of  the  peace. 

WILLIAM  DAWSON 

delegate  from  the  twentieth  district,  Sanilac  county,  was  bom 
in  1845  at  Markham,  Ontario,  and  is  of  English  and  Dutch 
descent.  He  attended  district  school  until  twelve  years  of  age, 
and  studied  with  his  father  while  working  on  the  farm  for  three 
years.  In  1865  he  was  married  to  Lorania  Allen,  daughter  of 
Chancy  Allen,  an  old  pioneer  of  Sanilac  county.     Eleven  chil- 

104 


GEORGE  W.  COOMER. 


WILLIAM  DAWSON. 


CHARLES  J.  DeLAND. 


ANDREW  L.  DEUEL. 


dren  were  bom  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dawson,  but  only  six  are  living. 
He  resided  at  Peck,  where  he  was  engaged  in  mercantile  busi- 
ness and  farming.  He  held  the  office  of  postmaster  from  1865 
to  187 1,  and  was  elected  county  clerk  in  1876  and  removed  to 
Lexington,  where  he  was  instrumental  in  having  the  county 
seat  moved  to  the  center  of  the  county,  now  city  of  Sandusky. 
In  1880  he  was  elected  register  of  deeds  and  afterwards  held 
the  office  of  circuit  court  commissioner  and  judge  of  probate. 
He  was  alternate  delegate  to  the  republican  national  conven- 
tion that  nominated  President  Roosevelt.  He  has  always  been 
a  pronounced  republican  and  wields  a  strong  influence  in  the 
community.  He  has  been  identical  with  almost  all  the  busi- 
ness interests  of  the  city,  and  has  a  farm  of  700  acres  within 
and  adjoining  the  city,  which  he  has  developed  and  improved. 
He  has  held  all  the  various  school,  township  and  village  offices 
and  is  prominent  in  Masonic  circles,  being  a  member  of  Custer 
Lodge  No.  393,  Sanilac  Chapter  No.  145  and  Lexington  Com- 
mandery  No.  27,  is  also  a  member  of  Port  Huron  Lodge  No. 
343,  B.  P.  O.  Elks. 

CHARLES  J.  DELAND 

delegate  from  the  tenth  district,  Jackson  county,  was  bom  in 
1879  ^^  Saginaw,  and  is  of  American  descent.  He  received  a 
common  school  education  and  spent  two  years  at  the  Agricul- 
tural College.  Mr.  DeLand  was  married  in  1905  and  has  one 
child.  He  lived  on  the  home  farm  until  1900  when  he  moved 
to  Jackson  and  filled  the  position  of  bookkeeper  until  1903 
when  he  became  deputy  county  treasurer.  He  began  the 
study  of  law  in  1900  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1905.  He 
was  elected  chairman  of  the  Republican  county  committee  in 
1906  and  was  re-elected  in  1908  for  the  term  ending  Sept.  i, 

105 


igio.     He    is    engaged   in  the   practice   of  law    in    Jackson 
and  is  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Potter  &  Deland. 


ANDREW  L.  DEUEL 

delegate  from  the  twenty-ninth  district,  Emmet  county,  was 
bom  in  Oakland  county  in  1850,  and  is  of  American  descent. 
He  was  educated  in  the  district  schools  and  graduated  from 
the  Ypsilanti  Normal  College  and  from  the  University  of  Mich- 
igan. In  1 88 1  Mr.  Deuel  married  Miss  Emma  M.  Lance,  of 
Mt.  Pleasant.  They  have  one  child.  He  taught  school  five 
years  and  for  the  past  twenty-five  years  has  been  actively 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  and  in  the  real  estate,  insurance 
and  loaning  business.  He  has  held  the  office  of  prosecuting 
attorney,  justice  of  the  peace,  county  commissioner  of  schools, 
president  of  the  village  and  president  of  the  school  board.  '  He 
is  well  known  in  Northern  Michigan,  has  always  been  a  life- 
long Republican.  He  has  been  prominently  identified  with  the 
growth  and  development  of  the  northern  part  of  the  Lower 
Peninsula  for  the  past  twenty-five  years.  He  is  energetic  and 
thorough  in  whatever  he  undertakes  and  generally  pushes  it 
to  successful  termination. 


JOHN  ARCHIBALD  FAIRLIE 

delegate  from  the  tenth  district,  Washtenaw  county,  was  bom 
in  Glasgow,  Scotland,  in  1872,  and  came  to  the  United  States 
in  1 88 1,  living  for  some  years  in  the  state  of  Florida.  He  at- 
tended Harvard  College,  and  was  graduated  with  the  degree 
of  A.B.  in  1895.  He  then  pursued  post-graduate  studies  in 
history,  government  and  economics  at  Harvard  and  Columbia 
Universities,  receiving  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  from  the  latter  in 

106 


JOHN  ARCHIBALD  FAIRLIE. 


DELOS  FALL. 


RICHARD  C,   FLANNIGAN. 


ALFRED  M.   FLEISCHHAUER. 


^. 


1898.  In  1899  he  was  secretary  to  the  committee  on  canals 
of  New  York  state,  appointed  by  Gk)vemor  Roosevelt.  In 
1900  he  was  lecturer  in  municipal  administration  at  Columbia 
University;  and  later  in  the  same  year  was  appointed  to  the 
chair  of  Administrative  Law  in  the  University  of  Michigan, 
Mr.  Fairlie  has  published  numerous  articles  on  political  and 
economic  questions  and  the  following  books:  "The  Central- 
ization of  Administration  in  New  York  state,"  "The  Municipal 
Administration,"  "The  National  Administration  of  the  United 
States,"  "Local  government  in  counties,  towns  and  villages," 
and  "Essays  in  municipal  administration."  He  has  been  sec- 
retary of  the  Michigan  Political  Science  Association,  and  the 
League  of  Michigan  Municipalities,  a  member  of  the  executive 
council  of  the  American  Political  Science  Association  and  of 
the  council  of  the  National  Civil  Service  Reform  League,  and 
one  of  the  board  of  editors  of  the  American  Political  Science 
Review, 

DELOS  FALL 

delegate  from  the  ninth  district,  Calhoun  county,  was  bom  in 
Ann  Arbor  township,  Washtenaw  county,  in  1848.  He  was 
the  son  of  B.  F.  and  A.  M.  Fall,  and  is  directly  descended  from 
the  house  of  Percy.  He  received  his  education  in  the  element- 
ary schools  of  Washtenaw  and  Livingston  counties,  Ann 
Arbor  high  school  and  the  University  of  Michigan,  graduating 
in  the  class  of  1875.  Mr.  Fall  is  married  and  has  five  children, 
four  sons  and  one  daughter.  Mr.  Fall  began  his  professional 
work  in  1872,  when  he  became  teacher  of  science  in  the  Ann 
Arbor  high  school.  He  was  the  principal  of  the  Flint  high 
school  for  three  years  and  a  professor  in  Albion  College  for 
thirty  years.     He  served  on  the  State  Board  of  Education  for 

107 


four  years  and  the  State  Board  of  Health  for  twelve  years. 
He  was  elected  to  the  office  of  Superintendent  of  Public  In- 
struction for  the  term  of  1 901-1903. 


RICHARD  C.  FLANNIGAN 

delegate  from  the  thirty-first  district,  Dickinson  county,  was 
bom  at  Ontonagon  in  1857,  and  is  of  Irish  descent.  He  at- 
tended the  district  school  when  a  boy,  and  in  1870  moved  to 
Marquette,  where  he  worked  for  the  M.  H.  &  O.  R.  R.  Co., 
with  now  and  then  a  few  months'  schooling  in  the  Marquette 
schools.  From  1874  to  1877  he  was  employed  in  the  law  office 
of  Parks  &  Hay  den,  lawyers,  at  Marquette.  For  six  months 
he  attended  the  law  school  at  the  University  of  Michigan. 
Returning  to  Marquette  he  studied  law  for  one  year  in  the 
office  of  Mr.  Maynard,  an  attorney  in  that  city,  and  in  1879 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  by  the  circuit  court  for  the  county  of 
Marquette.  Since  that  time  he  has  practiced  law.  Mr.  Flan- 
nigan  is  married  and  has  one  son. 


ALFRED  M.  FLEISCHHAUER 

delegate  from  the  twenty-fifth  district,  Osceola  county,  was 
bom  in  Waterloo,  Ontario,  in  1867,  and  is  of  German  descent. 
He  received  a  public  school  education.  Mr.  Fleischhauer  is 
married  and  has  one  son  and  two  daughters.  In  1877  his 
parents  removed  to  Reed  City  from  Canada  and  he  has  been 
a  resident  of  that  city  since  that  time.  He  worked  in  his 
father's  grocery  until  1902.  At  that  time  he  took  up  the  real 
estate  and  insurance  business.  He  was  a  member  of  the  legis- 
lature 1897-1899,  and  held  the  office  of  justice  of  the  peace  for 
seven  years  and  was  village  treasurer  in  1907.     He  is  a  mem- 

108 


EUGENE  FOSTER. 


HERBERT  L.   FREEMAN. 


LAWRENCE  C.   FYFE 


VICTOR  M.  GORE. 


ber  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.  In  politics  he  has  al- 
ways been  a  republican.  At  present  he  is  chairman  of  the 
county  committee. 

EUGENE  FOSTER 

delegate  from  the  twenty-eighth  district,  Gladwin  county,  was 
bom  in  the  township  of  Caroga,  Fulton  county,  New  York,  in 
i860,  and  is  of  American  descent.  He  received  his  education 
in  the  public  schools.  When  a  boy  he  served  as  ''printer's 
devil"  at  Midland.  When  seventeen  years  of  age  he  took 
charge  of  the  Gladwin  County  Record  and  he  was  known  as 
the  youngest  editor  in  the  state.  Mr.  Foster  has  served  as 
township,  village  and  city  clerk,  and  was  also  elected  mayor 
of  Gladwin  for  five  terms.  He  was  appointed  postmaster  by 
President  Harrison.  Mr.  Foster  is  a  large  owner  of  Gladwin 
county  lands  and  is  director  of  the  State  Bank  of  Gladwin. 

HERBERT  L.  FREEMAN 

delegate  from  the  thirteenth  district,  Genesee  county,  was  bom 
in  Flushing  in  1859.  He  is  of  American  descent.  He  received 
his  education  in  the  public  schools  at  Flushing.  In  1885  he 
was  married  to  Miss  Margaret  McGinley,  of  Flushing.  He  was 
engaged  in  the  farming  business  until  1904  when  he  went  into 
real  estate.  Mr.  Freeman  has  served  as  supervisor  for  nine 
years,  and  since  that  time  has  been  county  superintendent  of 
the  poor. 

LAWRENCE  C.  FYFE 

delegate  from  the  seventh  district,  Berrien  county,  was  bom  in 
Fort  Lennox,  on  the  Isle  Aux  Noix,  Richelieu  river,  Quebec, 
in  1850,  and  is  of  Scottish  descent.     He  received  his  education 

109 


in  Scotland,  England,  and  at  the  University  of  Michigan.  Mr. 
¥yie  is  married  and  has  lived  in  Michigan  since  1869.  He  is 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  law  at  St.  Joseph.  He  was  elected 
to  the  House  of  Representatives  in  1881  and  1883. 

VICTOR  M.  GORE 

delegate  from  the  seventh  district,  Berrien  county,  was  bom 
in  Plain  view.  Ills.,  in  1858,  and  is  of  English  and  German 
descent.  He  received  his  education  in  the  public  schools  of 
Illinois  and  at  Blackburn  University,  Carlinville,  Ills.  He  is  a 
graduate  of  the  law  department  of  the  University  of  Michigan. 
In  1882  he  married  Clara  S.  Whitaker,  and  they  have  four 
children,  two  daughters  and  two  sons.  Mr.  Gore  has  been  a  resi- 
dent of  Michigan  for  sixteen  years.  He  resides  at  Benton 
Harbor  and  has  served  for  many  year^  as  a  member  of  the  school 
board  and  other  municipal  boards.  He  has  been  engaged  ex- 
clusively in  the  practice  of  law  since  1882. 


JAMES  H.  HALL 

delegate  from  the  twentieth  district,  Huron  county,  was  born 
in  Orange  county.  New  York,  in  1846,  and  is  of  Dutch  and 
English  descent,  his  great  grandfather,  John  Hall,  having 
served  in  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  His  maternal  grand- 
father, Henry  Wanamaker  and  his  wife,  Mary  Dator,  were  of 
Holland  parentage.  At  their  marriage  in  the  state  of  New 
York,  Mary  Dator  was  presented  with  a  slave  maid,  and  Mr. 
Wanamaker  with  a  negro  body  servant.  Mr.  Hall  received  his 
education  in  the  common  schools  and  graduated  in  1874  from 
the  law  department  of  the  University  of  Michigan  with  the 
degree  of  LL.B.     His  wife  was  Miss  Jessie  Emery,  and  they 

no 


I 


JAMES  H.   HALL. 


PATRICK  J.   M.   HALLY. 


VICTOR  HAWKINS. 


HENRY  T.   HEALD. 


^^^^ 


OF   ThP^ 

c      °'' 


have  had  nine  children,  of  whom  four  sons  and  two  daughters 
are  now  living.  His  early  life  was  spent  upon  a  farm.  He  has 
practiced  law  for  thirty-five  years,  and  for  twenty-six  years 
has  been  a  banker.  For  twenty  years  he  has  owned  and  man- 
aged the  700  acre  farm  called  "The  Clover  Blossom  Farm." 
He  is  interested  in  the  "Independent  Farmer,"  a  newspaper, 
which  he  founded,  February,  1903,  at  Kinde.  In  1874  Mr. 
Hall  went  to  Port  Austin,  where  he  has  since  resided  and  prac- 
ticed law. 

PATRICK  J.  H.  HALLY 

delegate  from  the  third  district,  Wayne  county,  was  bom  in 
Wales,  Michigan,  in  1867,  of  Irish  parents.  A  few  years  after 
his  parents  moved  to  Detroit  where  he  was  educated,  graduat- 
ing with  the  degree  of  B.  A.  from*  the  Detroit  College  in  1888. 
He  then  took  up  the  study  of  law  and  graduated  from  the 
University  of  Michigan  in  1891.  In  1896  he  married  Miss 
Mary  G.  Walsh.  He  has  occupied  the  position  of  assessor  in 
Detroit,  and  in  1900  became  assistant  corporation  counsel. 


VICTOR  HAWKINS 

delegate  from  the  sixth  district,  Hillsdale  county,  was  bom  in 
Jonesville,  in  1867,  of  English  parents.  He  was  educated  in 
the  public  schools  and  at  the  University  of  Michigan.  In  1897 
he  married  Miss  Jennie  Eckler,  of  Jackson.  He  sold  news- 
papers when  a  boy  and  before  attending  college  was  employed 
as  a  bookkeeper.  He  has  practiced  law  since  1889  and  has 
been  very  successful  in  his  profession. 


Ill 


HENRY  T.  HEALD 

delegate  from  the  sixteenth  district,  Kent  county,  was  bom  at 
Montague,  Michigan,  in  1876,  of  English  parents.  He  was  a 
graduate  of  the  University  of  Michigan  in  the  class  of  1898, 
taking  the  degree  of  Ph.B.  He  is  married  and  has  been  a 
resident  of  Michigan  all  his  life.  He  served  as  a  member  of 
the  House  of  Representatives  in  1905. 

BENJAMIN  F.  HECKERT 

delegate  from  the  eighth  district.  Van  Buren  county,  was  bom 
in  Wayne  county,  Ohio,  in  1840,  of  southern  parents.  He 
took  the  law  course  at  the  University  of  Michigan.  Judge 
Heckert  married  Miss  Emily  M.  Barr,  daughter  of  Rev.  Thomas 
H.  Barr,  a  Presbyterian  minister,  and  they  have  one  daughter, 
He  served  in  the  Civil  War,  enlisting  in  the  first  call  for  troops 
and  served  for  three  years  and  six  months,  serving  as  First 
Lieutenant  in  Company  K,  of  the  i6th  Ohio  Volunteer  Infantry. 
He  has  held  the  office  of  prosecuting  attorney  and  probate 
judge  of  Van  Buren  county  and  was  a  candidate  for  circuit 
judge  of  the  36th  circuit.  He  has  been  a  resident  of  Michigan 
for  forty  years.  He  is  a  3  2d  Degree  Mason,  belonging  to  the 
DeWitt  Clinton  Consistory,  of  Grand  Rapids,  Mich.,  and  is  a 
member  of  Saladin  Temple  of  Mystic  Shriners  of  the  same 
place. 

LAWTON  T.  HEMANS 

delegate  from  the  fourteenth  district,  Ingham  county,  one  of 
the  eight  democratic  members,  was  born  at  Collamer,  N.  Y., 
in  1864,  where  his  father  followed  the  trade  of  a  blacksmith. 
He  is  of  English  and  Dutch  descent.     In   1865   his  parents 

112 


BENJAMIN   F.   HECKERT. 


LAWTON  T.   HEMANS. 


JOHN  W.  HOLMES. 


GEORGE  B.  HORTON. 


i^ 


OF  The 
UNIVERSITY 

OF 


moved  to  Michigan,  settling  in  Eaton  county.  The  family 
later  removed  to  Ingham  county.  Mr.  Hemans  graduated 
from  Eaton  Rapids  high  school  in  the  class  of  1884,  and  later 
after  spending  some  time  in  the  law  department  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Michigan,  took  up  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Mason. 
He  married  Miss  Minnie  P.  Hill,  and  they  have  one  son.  For 
twenty  years  Mr.  Hemans  has  been  in  almost  continuous  pub- 
lic service,  either  as  mayor  of  his  city  or  member  of  the  common 
council.  He  served  as  a  member  of  the  legislature  in  1901- 
1903  and  in  other  capacities,  and  is  the  author  of  several  works 
of  a  historical  and  public  nature. 

JOHN  W.  HOLMES 

delegate  from  the  nineteenth  district,  Gratiot  county,  was  bom 
in  Livingston  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1840,  and  is  of  English  and 
French  descent.  He  was  educated  in  the  primary  schools  of 
his  native  town  and  in  the  public  schools  of  Hillsdale  county, 
Michigan.  He  is  married  and  has  been  a  resident  of  Michigan 
for  fifty  years.  He  came  to  Michigan  in  1858  and  located  on  a 
farm  in  Hillsdale  county.  In  1861  he  enlisted  in  the  Seventh 
Michigan  Volunteer  Infantry,  and  served  with  the  regiment 
until  honorably  discharged  on  account  of  physical  disability. 
He  taught  school  in  Hillsdale  and  Jackson  counties  for  ten 
years,  afterward  engaging  in  mercantile  business  in  Mosherville 
and  Horton  until  1884,  when  he  moved  to  Alma  where  he  en- 
gaged in  mercantile  business  and  farming.  He  was  several 
years  president  of  the  board  of  education  of  Alma  and  served 
twice  as  mayor  of  that  city.  He  has  always  been  a  republi- 
can and  was  elected  to  the  legislature  of  190 1-2,  1903-4  and 
1905-6. 


113 


GEORGE  B.  HORTON 

delegate  from  the  fifth  district,  Lenawee  county,  was  bom  in 
Medina  county,  Ohio,  in  1845,  ^^^  is  of  English  and  American 
descent.  He  was  educated  in  the  country  district  schools  with 
some  college  work.  In  1877  he  married  Amanda  M.  Bradish, 
of  Lenawee  county.  He  is  engaged  as  a  farmer  and  cheese 
manufacturer,  settling  on  a  farm  in  Fairfield  township,  Lenawee 
county,  with  his  father  in  1853.  He  was  appointed  a  member 
of  the  State  Board  of  Agriculture  under  Governor  Luce,  but 
resigned  because  of  private  business.  Was  elected  to  the  state 
senate  in  1891,  but  lost  seat  after  sixty  days  in  order  to  give 
democratic  majority.  Mr.  Horton  was  master  of  Fruit  Ridge 
grange  from  1873  to  1893,  of  Lenawee  county  grange  from  1890 
to  1908,  and  master  of  the  Michigan  State  Grange  from  1892 
to  1908.  He  also  served  as  president  of  the  Lenawee  county 
fair  from  1867  to  1908.  His  father,  Samuel  Horton,  built  the 
first  cheese  factory  in  Michigan  in  1864.  He  now  owns  1,160 
acres  of  land  in  Lenawee  county  and  operates  twelve  cheese 
factories. 

CALVIN  ELIAS  HOUK 

delegate  from  the  thirty-second  district,  Gogebic  county,  was 
bom  in  Ann  Arbor,  in  i860,  and  is  of  German  descent.  He 
received  his  education  in  the  public  schools  of  Owosso.  In 
1885,  Mr.  Houk  married  Miss  Susan  M.  Kelly,  of  Alpena.  He 
went  to  Ironwood  in  1887,  when  the  town  was  in  its  infancy 
and  engaged  in  the  drug  business.  He  has  held  various  offices 
in  Ironwood,  holding  the  office  of  alderman  for  two  terms  from 
1892  to  1896.  He  was  appointed  postmaster  in  1898,  and 
served  as  mayor  in  1899  and  1900.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
board  of  education  at  the  present  time  and  has  been  for  ten 

114 


years  the  secretary  of  the  republican  county  committee.  He 
is  also  president  of  the  Ironwood  Business  Men's  Club. 

FREDERICK  FREMONT  INGRAM 

delegate  from  the  third  district,  Wayne  county,  was  bom  in 
Barry  county,  and  is  of  English  descent.  His  father's  parents 
were  pioneers,  settling  in  Barry  county  in  1835,  where  they 
secured  land  and  became  farmers.  Mr.  Ingram  received  a 
common  school  education.  In  1889  he  was  married  at  Hud- 
son, Wis.,  to  Miss  Laura  Mayo,  a  native  of  Kentucky.  When 
a  young  man  Mr.  Ingram  was  a  telegraph  operator  for  a  short 
time.  He  then  learned  the  drug  business  while  clerking  in  a  drug 
store  in  Hastings.  On  his  twenty-first  birthday  he  became 
the  proprietor  of  a  drug  store  in  Ypsilanti,  and  after  that 
travelled  six  years  over  the  United  States  as  a  commercial 
traveler.  He  is  now  the  proprietor  of  a  manufacturing  estab- 
lishment in  the  drug  line  in  Detroit  and  is  vice  president  of 
the  National  Manufacturing  Perfumers'  Association  and  active 
in  numerous  other  commercial  organizations.  He  has  always 
taken  an  active  interest  in  public  matters,  and  was  appointed 
and  served  as  a  member  of  the  Detroit  public  lighting  com- 
mission for  six  years.  He  was  elected  president  of  the  com- 
mission twice.  He  is  an  advocate  of  the  principles  of  the 
single  tax  as  it  was  expounded  by  Henry  George. 


WALTER  C.  JONES 

delegate  from  the  seventh  district,  Cass  county,  was  bom  at 
London,  Monroe  county,  in  1875,  and  is  of  English  descent. 
He  received  his  education  in  the  district  schools,  Union  City 
high  school  and  studied  law  in  the  office  of  Judge  Chester,  of 

115 


Hillsdale,  Mich.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1897,  and  has 
since  been  actively  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  chosen  pro- 
fession at  Marcellus,  Michigan.  Mr.  Jones  is  married  and  has 
resided  in  Michigan  all  his  life. 


WILLIAM  MARVIN  KILPATRICK 

delegate  from  the  fourteenth  district,  Shiawassee  county,  was 
born  at  Middlesex,  Yates  county,  N.  Y.,  in  1840,  and  is  of 
Scotch  and  Irish  descent.  He  worked  on  his  father's  farm  un- 
til nineteen  years  of  age,  with  no  advantages  except  an  intelli- 
gent community  and  country  school.  He  spent  one  year  in  the 
Genesee  seminary  in  New  York  and  taught  school  the  two  win- 
ters following.  He  then  took  a  business  course  at  the  Pough- 
keepsie  business  college  and  went  west  in  1863,  going  to  Illinois, 
where  he  again  taught  school.  He  came  to  Michigan  in  1864, 
and  spent  the  next  two  years  at  Ann  Arbor  attending  the  law 
lectures  and  on  his  father's  farm  in  Grass  Lake  township,  Jack- 
son county,  to  which  place  his  father  had  moved  from  New 
York  and  where  he  died  at  the  age  of  92  years  and  his  mother 
at  the  age  of  94  years.  He  graduated  from  the  law  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1866,  and  came  to  Owosso 
where  he  has  since  lived  and  practiced  law.  Mr.  Kilpatrick 
has  been  married  three  times  and  has  four  daughters  and  one  son. 
He  has  served  as  supervisor  at  large  and  mayor  of  Owosso, 
prosecuting  attorney  two  terms,  state  senator  in  1880  and 
1894,  alternate  delegate  to  the  republican  national  conven- 
tion at  Chicago  and  delegate  to  the  republican  national  con- 
vention at  Minneapolis,  and  is  a  member  of  the  republican 
state  central  committee. 


116 


CALVIN  E.  HOUK. 


FREDERICK  F.   INGRAM. 


WALTER  C.  JONES. 


WILLIAM  M.    KILPATRICK. 


PAUL  H.  KING 

secretary  of  the  convention,  was  born  in  Arapahoe,  Nebraska, 
in  1879,  and  is  of  American  descent.  He  received  his  early 
education  at  home  under  the  instruction  of  his  mother,  entered 
school  at  eleven  years  of  age  and  graduated  from  the  Dowagiac 
high  school  in  1898.  He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  on  examina- 
tion after  private  study  in  1904.  Mr.  King  has  been  a  resident 
of  Michigan  fourteen  years.  In  1891  his  father,  who  was  a 
physician,  moved  from  Nebraska  to  Minnesota  for  his  health, 
and  located  at  Wadena,  where  he  died,  and  his  son  went  to 
work.  He  served  as  page  in  the  Minnesota  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives in  1893  and  1895.  He  then  moved  to  Michigan, 
locating  at  Dowagiac,  the  home  of  his  grandparents.  He  was 
appointed  floor  messenger  in  the  state  senate  in  1897,  secre- 
tary's messenger  in  1899,  assistant  secretary  1901,  working  as 
grocery  clerk  and  factory  employe  between  sessions.  He 
served  as  journal  clerk  of  the  house  in  1903-5-7,  and  was 
elected  clerk  of  the  house  at  the  special  session  of  1907.  He 
also  served  between  sessions  as  a  clerk  in  the  office  of  the  Sec- 
retary of  State  from  190 1-5. 

LEONARD  F.  KNOWLES 

delegate  from  the  twenty-seventh  district,  Charlevoix  county, 
was  bom  in  Spring  Green,  Wisconsin,  February  eighteen,  1876. 
The  ancestry  of  Mr.  Knowles  in  this  country  extends  back  to 
the  time  of  the  Revolutionary  War.  Originally  his  ancestors 
came  from  England.  Mr.  Knowles'  father  was  bom  in  the 
southern  portion  of  this  state,  when  Michigan  was  a  territory. 
Later  he  moved  to  Wisconsin  where  Mr.  Knowles  was  bom. 
He  came  back  to  Michigan  with  his  parents  in  the  year  1879, 

117 


and  they  located  on  a  farm  near  St.  Louis.  At  the  age  of 
eleven  years  he  started  out  to  earn  his  own  living.  He  main- 
tained himself  in  the  St.  Louis  schools  from  which  he  graduated 
in  1897,  and  followed  that  by  a  business  course  in  Yerrington 
College,  St.  Louis.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one  he  went  to 
Tennessee  and  taught  Latin  in  the  Dibrell  Normal  College  for 
one  school  year,  and  then  entered  the  law  department  of  the 
University  of  Michigan  from  which  he  received  his  degree  in 
1 90 1.  In  the  latter  part  of  July  in  the  same  year  he  arrived 
in  Boyne  City,  a  small  village  of  about  eight  hundred  people, 
and  began  the  practice  of  law.  In  1905  he  created  the  law 
firm  of  Knowles  &  Converse.  Mr.  Converse  was  a  graduate 
of  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1902.  The  business  of  the 
firm  has  kept  pace  with  the  growth  of  the  city.  December  two, 
1903,  Mr.  Knowles  married  Miss  Florence  Beardsley,  daughter 
of  A.  J.  and  Emeline  Beardsley,  who  were  among  the  first  set- 
tlers in  Charlevoix  county. 


COLON  C.  LILLIE 

delegate  from  the  twenty-third  district,  Muskegon  and  Ottawa 
counties,  was  bom  on  a  farm  in  Tallmadge  township,  Ottawa 
county,  in  i860,  and  is  of  English  and  Danish  descent.  He 
spent  all  of  his  boyhood  on  a  farm,  attended  the  district  school 
and  graduated  from  the  Michigan  Agricultural  College  in  the 
class  of  '84.  He  received  an  appointment  as  cadet  at  West 
Point  while  in  college,  but  resigned  and  finished  his  course  at 
M.  A.  C.  After  leaving  college  Mr.  Lillie  taught  school,  became 
secretary  of  the  board  of  school  examiners  and  county  com- 
missioner of  schools.  He  has  managed  a  farm  ever  since  he 
left  college;  has  made  a  special  study  of  practical  agriculture 
and  dairy  farming,  and  has  been  principal  correspondent  of  the 

118 


LEONARD  F.   KNOWLES. 


COLON  C.   LILLIE. 


MEDOR  E.  LOUISELL. 


WILLIAM  C.  MANCHESTER. 


i/£OhNiA., 


Michigan  Farmer  for  many  years.  He  has  been  a  traveling 
salesman,  served  as  supervisor,  village  trustee,  member  of  the 
board  of  education,  is  president  of  Coopersville  State  Bank, 
Coopersville  Creamery  Company  and  Michigan  Dairymen's 
Association,  and  is  also  deputy  State  Dairy  and  Food  Com- 
missioner. In  1890  he  was  married  to  Miss  Julia  A.  Lawton 
and  they  have  two  children. 


MEDOR  E.  LOUISELL 

delegate  from  the  twenty-seventy  district,  Benzie  county,  was 
born  in  Fond  du  Lac,  Wis.,  in  1870,  and  is  of  French  descent. 
When  he  was  seven  years  of  age  his  father,  Joseph  Louisell, 
moved  with  the  family  to  Dakota,  then  Dakota  territory,  and 
took  up  a  homestead  near  Sioux  Falls.  They  resided  there 
until  1883.  In  that  year  the  family  moved  to  Manistee  county, 
Michigan.  He  attended  the  district  school  in  the  winter  and 
worked  in  a  shingle  mill  in  the  summer  for  five  years.  Being 
desirous  of  getting  an  education  he  abandoned  the  mill  and 
entered  the  preparatory  department  of  the  University  of  Notre 
Dame,  where  he  worked  for  his  board  and  tuition.  After  re- 
maining three  years  at  Notre  Dame  University  he  entered  the 
Manistee  high  school  and  graduated  with  the  class  of  1891. 
In  the  fall  of  1891  he  matriculated  in  the  literary  department 
of  the  University  of  Michigan,  and  in  June,  1896,  he  graduated 
from  the  law  and  literary  departments,  completing  both  courses 
in  five  years.  During  vacations  he  reported  on  newspapers  and 
did  other  work  to  enable  him  to  get  means  to  complete  his 
course.  Since  his  graduation  he  has  practiced  law.  Mr.  Loui- 
sell has  been  prosecuting  attorney  of  Benzie  county  and  also 
served  as  assistant  prosecuting  attorney  of  Houghton  county 


119 


for  two  years.  He  was  married  in  1903  to  Miss  Mary  Tallon, 
of  Calumet,  Mich.     They  have  three  children. 

WILLIAM  CHARLES  MANCHESTER 

delegate  from  the  fourth  district,  Wayne  county,  was  born  on 
a  farm  near  Canfield,  Ohio,  December  twenty-fifth,  1873,  and 
is  of  English,  Irish,  Welsh  and  Scotch  descent.  He  attended 
the  district  schools,  later  entering  the  public  school  of  Canfield. 
Afterwards  he  spent  six  years  in  the  Northeastern  Ohio  Normal 
College  of  Canfield,  completing  the  six  year  classical  course  in 
1894,  taking  the  degree  of  A.  B.  He  entered  the  law  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1894,  and  took  the  de- 
gree of  LL.B.  in  1896.  The  following  summer  he  spent  in 
travel  through  the  western  part  of  the  United  States  and  Can- 
ada. After  returning  from  the  west  he  entered  the  law  office 
of  Hine  &  Clark,  of  Youngstown,  Ohio.  In  January,  1897,  he 
came  to  Detroit,  and  has  been  actively  engaged  in  the  practice 
of  law  ever  since.  He  was  married  to  Miss  Margaret  Katherine 
McGregor,  of  Bay  City,  in  1898,  who  graduated  from  the  liter- 
ary department  of  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1896,  with 
the  degree  of  Ph.B.  They  have  four  children,  two  sons  and 
two  daughters. 

FRANK  DAY  MEAD 

delegate  from  the  thirtieth  district.  Delta  county,  was  born  in 
Ann  Arbor  in  1856,  graduated  from  the  University  of  Michigan 
in  1879,  and  then  moved  to  the  Upper  Peninsula,  where  he 
studied  law  in  the  office  of  Chandler  &  Grant,  of  Houghton. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1881,  and  began  the  practice  of 
law  in  Escanaba  in  1882,  where  he  has  since  lived.  In  1884  he 
was  married  to  Sara  F.  Myrick.     Mr.  Mead  has  held  the  offices 

120 


FRANK  D.  MEAD. 


JOSEPH  MERRELL. 


ALFRED  MILNES. 


FRANK  R.  MONFORT. 


of  prosecuting  attorney  of  Delta  county,  city  attorney  of  Esca- 
naba  and  member  of  the  board  of  education  of  Escanaba.  He 
was  elected  alternate  delegate  to  the  republican  national  con- 
vention at  St.  Louis  in  1896,  and  in  the  absence  of  the  delegate 
served  as  delegate  from  the  twelfth  congressional  district. 


JOSEPH  MERRELL 

delegate  from  the  third  district,  Wayne  county,  was  born  on  a 
farm  near  Belleville,  Michigan,  in  1859.  He  was  educated  in 
the  public  schools  of  Detroit.  At  the  age  of  twenty-one  years  he 
engaged  in  the  grocery  business.  He  has  been  very  successful 
and  owns  a  large  amount  of  real  estate  in  Detroit.  He  served 
as  alderman  of  the  tenth  ward  for  four  years. 


ALFRED  MILNES 

delegate  from  the  third  district.  Branch  county,  was  born  in 
Bradford,  Yorkshire,  England,  in  1844.  He  was  educated  in 
the  public  schools  of  Utah,  Iowa  and  Michigan.  He  came  to 
the  United  States  with  his  parents  in  1854,  coming  over  in  a 
sailing  vessel  which  landed  in  New  Orleans,  thence  up  the 
Mississippi  and  Missouri  rivers  to  Kansas  City.  They  then 
took  the  overland  route  to  Salt  Lake  City,  going  the  entire  dis- 
tance with  an  ox  team.  They  lived  in  Utah  five  years 
returning  to  Iowa  in  1859.  Afterwards  they  removed  to 
Coldwater.  Mr.  Milnes  arriving  there  on  his  seventeenth 
birthday.  He  enlisted  in  the  17th  Michigan  Infantry  in  1862 
and  served  to  the  end  of  the  war,  taking  part  with  his 
regiment  in  every  engagement  during  the  whole  service.  He 
entered  the  mercantile  business  in  1871  and  continued  the 
same  until  1900.     In  1868  he  was  married  to  Lucina  E.  Hull, 

121 


of  Quincy,  and  they  have  one  daughter  living,  Mrs.  Joseph  R, 
Watson,  of  Coldwater. 


FRANK  R.  MONFORT 

delegate  from  the  nineteenth  district,  Gratiot  county,  was  bom 
at  Utica,  Macomb  county,  December  twenty-fifth,  1876,  but 
has  lived  nearly  all  his  life  at  Ithaca,  Gratiot  county.  He  is  a 
graduate  of  the  Ithaca  high  school,  and  is  also  a  graduate  of 
the  law  department  of  the  University  of  Michigan.  He  began 
the  practice  of  law  in  1900,  and  in  the  same  year  was  elected 
circuit  court  commissioner  for  Gratiot  county.  He  removed 
to  Lake  City  in  1901,  where  he  remained  until  1903,  when  he 
was  tendered  a  partnership  with  Kelly  S.  Searl,  which  he  ac- 
cepted, removing  to  Ithaca.  He  was  married  to  Miss  Anna  E. 
Barber  of  Ithaca  in  1903.  Since  Judge  Searl's  promotion  to 
the  bench  he  has  continued  in  the  practice  of  law  alone. 
Mr.  Monfort's  grandparents  were  pioneers  of  Michigan,  his 
grandfather,  Isaac  Monfort,  being  a  member  of  the  first  legis- 
lature of  Michigan,  and  also  a  member  of  the  sessions  of  1835-6 
and  1837. 

ANDREW  L.  MOORE 

delegate  from  the  twelfth  district,  Oakland  county,  was  bom 
in  West  Bloomfield,  in  1870,  and  is  of  American  descent.  He 
is  a  direct  descendant  of  Gen.  Nathaniel  Green  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary War.  Mr.  Moore  lived  on  a  farm  until  he  was  eighteen 
years  of  age.  He  went  to  the  district  school  and  worked  his 
way  through  college,  graduating  in  law  and  elocution  at  the 
Northern  Indiana  Normal,  Valparaiso,  Ind.  After  leaving  col- 
lege he  went  into  law  practice  with  Judge  A.  C.  Baldwin,  at 
Pontiac.     Mr.  Moore  married  Miss  Emma  M.  Hinkley,  who  was 

122 


ANDREW  L.  MOORE. 


GEORGE  W.  MOORE. 


DAVID  T.  MORGAN. 


EDWIN  C.  NICHOLS. 


bom  in  Shiawassee  county  in  187 1.  In  addition  to  his  law 
business,  which  is  extensive,  Mr.  Moore  is  interested  in  several 
manufactories,  and  is  president  and  general  manager  and  owner 
of  the  controlling  interest  of  the  Pontiac  Turning  Company. 
He  is  a  member  of  the  Knights  of  Pythias,  Odd  Fellows  and 
Maccabees. 

GEORGE  W.  MOORE 

delegate  from  the  eleventh  district,  St.  Clair  county,  was  bom 
in  St.  Clair  township  in  1859,  and  received  his  education  in  the 
district  school  of  his  neighborhood.  At  the  age  of  seventeen 
he  left  his  native  place  and  secured  work  in  a  saw  mill  at  Mus- 
kegon, but  subsequently  engaged  in  logging,  and  built  and 
operated  a  steam  logging  road  in  Missaukee  county.  Returning 
to  St.  Clair  county  Mr.  Moore  organized  the  St.  Clair  county 
Savings  Bank  of  Port  Huron  in  1890,  in  which  he  served  as 
cashier.  He  has  served  as  chairman  of  the  St.  Clair  county 
republican  committee  and  was  a  member  of  the  board  of 
supervisors  of  Missaukee  county  and  chairman  of  the  board. 
He  served  two  terms  in  the  state  Senate,  1899-1900,  and  1901- 
1902,  and  was  appointed  Commissioner  of  Banking  in  1905. 

DAVID  T.  MORGAN 

delegate  from  the  thirty-first  district,  Marquette  county,  was 
bom  at  Charleston,  Tioga  county.  Pa.,  in  1857,  and  is  of  Welsh 
parentage.  He  received  his  education  in  the  common  schools. 
In  1886  he  married  Miss  Ella  A.  Manning.  Mr.  Morgan  served 
as  chairman  of  the  county  board  of  supervisors  from  1893  to 
1907.  He  entered  the  employ  of  the  Republic  Iron  Company 
in  1879  as  assistant  cashier.  Some  years  later  he  was  advanced 
to  the  position  of  cashier  and  since  December  first,  1893,  has 

123 


had  charge  of  the  mines  under  the  title  of  agent,  serving  until 
May  first,  1906. 

EDWIN  C.  NICHOLS 

delegate  from  the  ninth  district,  was  bom  in  Clinton,  Lenawee 
county,  and  was  educated  in  the  public  schools.  He  is  engaged 
in  the  manufacturing  business,  is  president  of  the  Nichols 
&  Shepard  Company,  Battle  Creek,  and  also  of  the  Old  National 
Bank  of  the  same  place,  and  vice-president  of  the  Common- 
wealth Power  Company  and  the  Duplex  Printing  Press  Com- 
pany. 

WILLIAM  J.  OBERDORFFER 

delegate  from  the  thirtieth  district,  Menominee  county,  was 
born  in  Germany,  March  eighteenth,  1855.  He  was  educated 
in  the  national  schools  there  and  removed  to  this  country  in 
187 1,  coming  to  the  upper  peninsula  of  Michigan.  He  settled 
on  a  farm  in  Stephenson  township,  Menominee  county,  in  1876, 
where  he  now  resides.  He  married  Adelaide  Corey,  of  Ingalls, 
in  1887,  and  they  have  two  daughters.  Mr.  Oberdorffer  has 
served  on  the  board  of  education  of  the  township  of  Stephen- 
son for  six  years  and  as  supervisor  of  the  township,  twelve 
years.  He  was  elected  representative  to  the  legislature  on  the 
republican  ticket  in  1896  and  served  two  terms.  In  1905 
Governor  Warner  appointed  him  member  of  the  board  of  agri- 
culture and  he  was  elected  as  member  of  the  board  in  April, 
1909. 

WILLIAM  E.  OSMUN 

delegate  from  the  twenty-third  district,  Muskegon  county,  was 
bom  in  Cayuga,  N.  Y,,  in  1850,  and  is  of  German-American 
parents.     He  acquired  his  education  at  the  Ithaca  Academy 

124 


WILLIAM  J.  OBERDORFFER. 


WILLIAM  E.  OSMUN. 


FLOYD  L.   POST. 


HERBERT  E.  POWELL. 


/^  ^      OF    THE 

'    UNIVERSITY 

OF 


and  two  years  at  Cornell  University.  He  came  to  Michigan  in 
1880,  and  has  published  newspapers  at  Shelby  and  Montague. 
He  was  admitted  to  the  state  and  federal  courts  in  1886,  and 
has  enjoyed  a  lucrative  practice.  He  has  been  president  of  the 
village  of  Montague  for  five  terms  and  president  of  the  school 
board  three  years.  He  served  as  postmaster  seven  years,  and 
is  at  present  a  member  of  the  republican  state  central  com- 
mittee, and  also  a  member  of  the  Commission  of  Inquiry  on 
Michigan  Tax  Lands  and  Forestry. 

FLOYD  L.  POST 

delegate  from  the  twenty-fourth  district,  was  bom  at  Belvidere, 
N.  Y.,  in  1857.  He  came  to  Michigan  in  1868  and  engaged  in 
lumbering,  milling  and  mercantile  business.  He  is  at  present 
engaged  in  the  practice  of  law.  Mr.  Post  is  a  republican  and 
has  held  the  office  of  president  of  Clare  village,  township  clerk, 
supervisor  and  treasurer  of  Midland  county. 

HERBERT  ERNEST  POWELL 

delegate  from  the  eighteenth  district,  Ionia  county,  was  bom 
in  Ronald  township,  Ionia  county,  in  1866,  and  is  of  American 
descent.  He  received  his  schooling  in  the  district  schools  and 
the  Ionia  high  school.  In  1887  he  assumed  the  management  of 
his  father's  farm,  part  of  which  with  other  purchases  he  now 
owns,  giving  special  attention  to  raising  stock  and  the  breeding 
of  Shropshire  sheep.  He  was  married  in  1888  to  A.  May  Water- 
bury,  and  they  have  two  sons  and  one  daughter.  Mr.  Powell 
is  a  stockholder  and  director  in  the  National  Bank  of  Ionia, 
the  president  of  the  Webber  Hardware  Company,  of  that  city, 
and  is  in  many  ways  identified  with  the  commercial  interests 
of  the  country.     He  is  chairman  of  the  Ionia  county  republican 

125 


committee  and  has  always  been  a  worker  in  that  party.  He 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  House  of  Representatives  for  the 
terms  of  190 1-2  and  1903-4. 


FRANK  STERLING  PRATT 

delegate  from  the  twenty-fourth  district,  Bay  county,  was  born 
in  Scio,  Allegany  county,  N.  Y.,  October  one,  1854,  and  is  of 
English  descent.  His  father  was  of  the  seventh  generation  from 
Lieut.  William  Pratt,  who  came  to  Newton,  now  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  in  1633,  landing  in  Boston  September  fourth,  from 
the  ship  Griffin,  coming  from  Hertfordshire,  England.  He 
settled  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  in  June,  1636,  removing  from  there 
to  Saybrook  in  1645.  He  married  Elizabeth  Clark,  daughter 
of  John  Clark,  first  of  Saybrook,  and  afterward  of  Milford,  in 
June,  1636.  See  "The  Pratt  Family,"  edited  by  Rev.  F.  W. 
Chapman,  and  published  by  Case  Lockwood  &  Co.,  Hartford, 
in  1864.  Lieut.  William  Pratt  was  one  of  the  party  which 
went  from  Hartford  and  destroyed  the  Indian  fort  at  Mystic 
which  ended  the  Pequot  War.  He  represented  the  town  of 
Saybrook  in  the  General  Assembly  and  General  Court  con- 
stantly from  1666  until  1678.  His  twenty-third  and  last  ses- 
sion in  attendance  was  at  the  session  which  convened  at 
Hartford  on  May  9,  1678.  Mr.  Pratt  graduated  from  the  Bay 
City  high  school,  and  commenced  the  study  of  law  in  the  office 
of  Geo.  P.  Cobb,  at  Bay  City,  in  1874,  being  admitted  to  prac- 
tice June  19,  1877.  In  December,  1885,  he  was  married  to 
Eleanor  Louise  Gaines,  daughter  of  John  and  Mary  Gaines. 
He  was  elected  to  the  Constitutional  convention  by  a  large 
majority.  Was  a  candidate  for  circuit  court  commissioner  in 
1877  and  candidate  for  circuit  judge,  eighteenth  judicial  cir- 
cuit, April,  1893. 

126 


FRANK  S.  PRATT. 


LESLIE  B.  ROBERTSON. 


KLEBER  P.  ROCKWELL. 


GEORGE  E.  ROWE. 


LESLIE  B.  ROBERTSON 

delegate  from  the  fifth  district,  Lenawee  county,  was  bom  in 
Ogden  township,  Lenawee  county,  in  187 1.  He  received  his 
education  in  the  West  Blissfield  schools,  graduating  from  the 
high  school  in  1888,  and  from  the  law  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan  in  1891.  He  engaged  in  the  active  practice 
of  law  in  Adrian  until  1901,  when  he  became  connected  with 
the  Page  Woven  Wire  Fence  Company,  and  since  that  time 
has  been  treasurer  and  actively  connected  with  the  company. 
He  was  married  in  1899  to  Bertha  H.  Page,  of  Adrian. 

KLEBER  P.  ROCKWELL 

delegate  from  twelfth  district,  comprising  the  counties  of 
Oakland  and  Macomb,  was  born  at  Bloomfield,  Oakland  county, 
Mich.,  November  eighth,  1868,  descendant  of  William  Rock- 
well, who  came  to  this  country  from  England,  May  thirtieth, 
1630.  Was  reared  to  young  manhood  upon  his  father's  farm. 
His  education  was  obtained  in  the  public  schools,  supplemented 
by  a  college  course.  Followed  the  occupation  of  school  teach- 
ing until  1892,  when  he  took  up  the  study  of  law,  being  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  January  eighth,  1895,  and  has  since  been  in 
active  practice  in  Oakland  and  adjoining  counties,  maintain- 
ing his  office  with  Congressman  S.  W.  Smith,  at  Pontiac.  Mr. 
Rockwell  was  married  to  Miss  Maud  A.  King,  September  tenth, 
1896,  and  to  them  were  bom  a  son  and  three  daughters.  Poli- 
tically he  is  a  republican.  Was  elected  prosecuting  attorney 
of  Oakland  county  in  November,  1898,  and  re-elected  Novem- 
ber, 1900,  and  November,  1902.  In  the  convention  he  was  a 
member  of  the  judiciary  committee  and  the  committee  upon 
public  service  corporations. 

127 


GEORGE  EDWIN  ROWE 

delegate  from  the  seventh  district,  Kent  county,  was  bom  in 
Fowlerville,  N.  Y.,  in  1864,  and  is  of  English  descent.  He 
received  his  education  in  the  Grand  Rapids  schools,  Little  Rock 
University  and  the  Chicago  University.  In  1892  he  married 
Eckka  M.  Robinson  and  they  have  six  children.  Mr.  Rowe  has 
been  in  the  ministry  since  1891.  He  has  been  a  horticulturist 
for  thirty  years  and  is  editor  of  the  Fruit  Belt. 

FREDERICK  J.  RUSSELL 

delegate  from  the  twenty-sixth  district,  Oceana,  Lake,  Mason 
and  Manistee  counties,  was  bom  at  Orion,  Oakland  county, 
October  seventh,  1841,  and  spent  his  boyhood  days  on  his 
father's  farm  which  was  located  on  the  present  site  of  the  city 
of  Greenville.  He  attended  the  district  school  and  as  soon  as 
possible  began  teaching,  earning  enough  to  enable  him  to  take 
a  course  at  the  State  Normal  School  at  Ypsilanti.  In  the 
spring  of  i860  he  located  in  Oceana  county,  at  that  time  a 
wilderness,  and  has  been  a  prominent  resident  there  ever  since. 
He  responded  to  the  call  for  volunteers  at  the  beginning  of  the 
Civil  War  and  enlisted  in  the  Twenty-first  Michigan  Infantry. 
Later  he  was  transferred  to  the  Twenty-sixth.  On  account  of 
ill  health  he  was  not  mustered  into  the  service.  He  was  married 
to  Miss  Nell  C.  Gumey  and  this  union  was  blessed  with  three 
daughters.  Mr.  Russell  took  an  active  interest  in  politics  and 
was  elected  and  held  the  office  of  circuit  court  commissioner  for 
two  terms,  and  later  was  probate  judge  for  nine  years.  At 
three  different  terms  was  nominated  by  acclamation  for  circuit 
judge  of  the  fourteenth  circuit,  and  held  that  office  for  nineteen 
years  with  credit  to  himself  and  to  his  constituents.     He  de- 

128 


FRED   T-  RUSSELL. 


IGNATIUS  J.  SALLIOTTE. 


EUGENE  F.  SAWYER. 


ALBERT  E.  SHARPE. 


clined  a  fourth  nomination  and  retired  to  private  life.  He  has 
always  been  deeply  interested  in  stock  raising,  agriculture  and 
horticulture,  and  has  marketed  as  high  as  ten  thousand  bushels 
of  fruit  in  a  single  season.  His  cattle  and  sheep  interests  have 
been  extensive,  and  by  careful  selection  he  owns  the  best  stock 
in  the  county.  As  a  lumberman  he  assisted  in  the  organ- 
ization of  the  Hart  Cedar  &  Lumber  Company,  of  which  he 
is  still  its  president,  and  holds  valuable  timber  interests  in 
Michigan  and  the  West.  For  thirty-four  years  he  has  been 
engaged  in  the  banking  business,  and  at  present  is  president 
of  the  First  National  Bank  at  Hart.  Early  in  life  he  joined 
the  Masonic  Order  and  is  now  a  Knight  Templar. 

IGNATIUS  JAMES  SALLIOTTE 

delegate  from  the  fourth  district,  Wayne  county,  was  bom  in 
Ecorse  in  1877,  and  is  of  Irish,  French  and  English  descent. 
He  received  his  education  at  the  Ecorse  public  schools,  Detroit 
College,  where  he  received  the  degree  of  A.B.  in  1896,  and  the 
Detroit  College  of  Law,  graduating  therefrom  with  degree  of 
LL.  B.,  in  1899.  In  1905  he  was  married  to  Miss  Grace  Stin- 
son,  of  Jackson,  Michigan.  He  has  been  engaged  in  the  prac- 
tice of  law  in  Detroit,  and  has  been  village  attorney  of  Ecorse 
since  1902. 

EUGENE  F.  SAWYER 

delegate  from  the  twenty-seventh  district,  Wexford  county,  was 
born  in  Grand  Rapids,  in  1848,  and  is  a  descendant  of  English 
and  French  Huguenots.  Until  Mr.  Sawyer  was  twenty-one 
years  of  age  he  lived  on  a  farm  near  Grand  Rapids.  He  is  a 
graduate  of  the  Grand  Rapids  high  school  and  of  the  law  de- 
partment of  the  University  of  Michigan.     In  1875  ^^  married 

129 


Miss  Kate  M.  Sipley  and  they  have  two  daughters,  both  gradu- 
ates of  the  University  of  Michigan.  Since  1873  he  has  resided 
in  Cadillac,  where  he  has  a  large  practice  in  all  the  courts  of  that 
part  of  the  state.  He  had  never  taken  much  part  in  politics  and 
therefore  this  office  was  the  first  place  of  importance  in  the 
political  field  ever  held  by  him,  and  in  this  case  the  office  sought 
the  man,  and  his  election  was  conceded  by  all  to  be  a  worthy 
tribute  to  his  standing  in  his  profession. 

ALBERT  EDWARD  SHARPE 

delegate  from  the  thirtieth  district,  Chippewa  county,  was  born 
in  Trenton,  Ontario,  in  i860,  and  is  of  Scotch  and  Dutch  de- 
scent. He  received  his  education  in  the  public  schools  and  at 
Albert  College,  Belleville,  Ontario.  He  came  to  Michigan  in 
1 88 1,  and  resided  at  West  Branch,  Ogemaw  county,  from  i88i 
to  1 89 1.  During  that  time  he  was  in  partnership  with  his 
brother,  now  Judge  Nelson  Sharpe,  in  the  law  and  printing 
business,  publishing  the  West  Branch  Times.  He  moved  to 
East  Tawas,  Iosco  county,  in  1891,  and  held  the  offices  of  city 
attorney  and  prosecuting  attorney  of  the  county  for  six  years, 
and  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  in  1901.  He  removed  to 
Sault  Ste.  Marie  in  1901,  and  formed  partnership  with  Sherman 
T.  Handy  in  general  law  practice. 

EDWIN  O.  SHAW 

delegate  from  the  twenty-fifth  district,  Newaygo  county,  was 
bom  at  Edwardsburg  in  1846,  and  is  of  Scotch  descent.  He 
attended  the  common  schools  until  he  was  twelve  years  of  age. 
He  established  the  Montcalm  Herald  at  Stanton  in  1867,  and 
the  following  year  took  charge  of  the  Newaygo  Republican  and 

130 


EDWIN  O.  SHAW. 


CHARLES  G.  SIMONS. 


J.   M.  C.   SMITH. 


OSMOND  H.   SMITH. 


t'NI 


OF   THE 

VERSITY 

OP 


^^^^^itORNi^ 


has  been  its  editor  and  owner  ever  since.  He  served  in  the 
136th  Ind.  Infantry  and  30th  Michigan  Infantry  in  the  Civil 
War.  He  has  been  chairman  or  secretary  of  [the  republican 
county  committee  of  Newaygo  for  thirty  years  and  is  a  member 
of  the  republican  state  central  committee,  and  has  been  chairman 
of  the  republican  congressional  committee  for  fourteen  years. 
Mr.  Shaw  served  as  state  senator  in  1895  and  declined  a  re- 
nomination.  He  secured  the  passage  of  the  bill  creating  the 
Mt.  Pleasant  normal  school  and  the  anti-fusion  bill.  He 
served  as  supervisor  for  many  years  and  is  postmaster  at  the 
present  time. 

CHARLES  C.  SIMONS 

delegate  from  the  second  district,  Wayne  county,  was  bom  in 
1876,  and  is  the  son  of  David  W.  Simons,  former  president  of 
the  Detroit  lighting  commission.  He  received  his  education 
in  the  Detroit  schools  and  the  University  of  Michigan,  graduat- 
ing from  the  department  of  literature,  science  and  arts  with 
degree  of  B.  L.  in  1898  and  from  the  law  department  with  the 
degree  of  LL.B.  in  1900.  In  1906  he  was  married  to  Miss 
Lillian  Bernstein,  of  Chicago.  Mr.  Simons  has  practiced  law 
since  1900.  He  served  as  state  senator  for  the  term  1903-4 
and  as  circuit  court  commissioner,  Wayne  county,  for  the  term 
1905-6. 

JOHN  M.  C.  SMITH 

delegate  from  the  fifteenth  district,  Eaton  county,  was  bom  in 
Ireland.  He  received  his  education  at  Charlotte  and  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan.  In  early  life  he  was  a  mason  by  trade. 
In  1887  he  married  Miss  Lena  Parkhurst  and  they  have  two 
children.  Mr.  Smith  is  actively  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law 
and  is  also  a  partner  in  the  firm  of  Smith  &  Co.,  who  are  manu- 

131 


facturers  of  egg  cases  and  fillers.  Mr.  Smith  is  a  republican 
and  has  served  as  prosecuting  attorney  of  his  county  and  alder- 
man of  the  citv  of  Charlotte. 


OSMUND  H.  SMITH 

delegate  from  the  twenty-eighth  district,  Alcona  county,  was 
born  in  Hillsdale  county  in  1853.  He  received  his  education  in 
the  district  schools  and  the  academy  at  Medina,  Mich.,  and  one 
year  at  Morenci  high  school,  and  one  year  in  Oberlin,  O.,  busi- 
ness college.  He  taught  district  school  in  Lenawee  and  Hills- 
dale counties,  spending  his  spare  time  in  studies  and  finally 
entered  and  graduated  from  the  law  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan  in  1885,  going  directly  from  there  to  Har- 
risville,  where  he  has  practiced  law  ever  since.  His  father  died 
in  the  Civil  War,  when  he  was  eleven  years  old,  his  mother 
dying  two  years  previous.  He  lived  with  relatives  until  he  was 
fourteen  years  of  age  and  then  went  to  live  with  the  family  of 
Edwin  Brotherton  in  Medina  township,  Lenawee  county,  where 
he  stayed  until  he  was  twenty-one  years  of  age.  Mr.  Smith 
is  married  and  has  held  the  office  of  prosecuting  attorney  in 
Alcona  county  for  a  number  of  years. 

ERNEST  ALBERT  SNOW 

delegate  from  the  twenty-second  district,  Saginaw  county,  was 
bom  at  Hanover,  in  1875,  and  is  of  American  descent.  He  was 
educated  in  the  public  schools  of  Saginaw,  graduating  from  the 
high  school  in  1893,  and  graduating  from  the  University  of 
Michigan  in  1896.  He  was  married  to  Miss  Jennie  J.  Frazee 
in  1900,  and  they  have  one  daughter.  After  leaving  the  Uni- 
versity, Mr.  Snow  went  into  partnership  with  his  father,  Eugene 

132 


ERNEST  A.  SNOW. 


HUGH  P.  STEWART. 


JUSTIN  L.  SUTHERLAND. 


WALTER  R.  TAYLOR. 


A.  Snow,  at  Saginaw,  and  has  been  in  active  practice  since  that 
time  under  the  firm  name  of  Snow  &  Snow.  Mr.  Snow  hss 
been  chairman  of  the  Saginaw  county  democratic  committee 
for  six  years.  He  served  one  term  as  judge  of  the  recorder's 
court  at  Saginaw. 

HUGH  P.  STEWART 

delegate  from  the  sixth  district,  St.  Joseph  county,  was  bom 
in  1856,  and  is  of  Scotch  descent.  He  was  educated  in  the  com- 
mon schools  supplemented  by  private  teaching.  He  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1878,  and  has  practiced  law  since  that  time 
in  Center ville,  also  for  the  past  ten  years  has  practiced  law  in 
Battle  Creek  as  a  member  of  the  law  firm  of  Stewart  &  Sabin. 
Mr.  Stewart  is  married  and  has  two  children.  He  served  as 
prosecuting  attorney  of  St.  Joseph  county  for  four  years. 

JUSTIN  L.  SUTHERLAND 

delegate  from  the  eighteenth  district,  Ionia  county,  was  bom 
on  a  farm  near  Grand  Ledge,  Michigan,  in  1873.  Mr.  Suther- 
land attended  district  school  until  fifteen  years  of  age,  after- 
wards graduating  from  the  public  schools  at  Grand  Ledge. 
Teaching  school  and  working  during  vacations  on  a  farm  and 
in  a  store,  then  occupied  his  time  for  a  while,  and  this  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  course  at  the  Michigan  Agricultural  College.  In 
1896  Mr.  Sutherland  entered  the  law  department  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Michigan  and  graduated  in  1899,  immediately  tak- 
ing up  the  practice  of  law.  In  1905  he  was  married  to  Miss 
Marion  L.  Newton,  a  resident  of  his  native  town.  He  now 
resides  and  practices  his  profession  at  Ionia,  Michigan. 


133 


WALTER  R.  TAYLOR 

delegate  from  the  ninth  district,  Kalamazoo  county,  was  bom 
on  a  farm  near  Grand  Rapids  in  1858.  His  education  was  re- 
ceived in  the  country  school,  except  as  supplemented  by  subse- 
quent reading.  His  legal  education  was  acquired  by  private 
reading  and  office  experience,  and  to  quite  an  extent  while 
assistant  to  the  Supreme  Court  Reporter  in  1889  and  1890, 
He  removed  to  Newaygo  in  1879,  ^.nd  engaged  in  the  abstract 
of  title  business  with  a  brother.  Mr.  Taylor  removed  to  Kala- 
mazoo in  1888  and  was  appointed  deputy  county  clerk  in  1890 
and  held  the  office  until  1904,  when  he  was  appointed  county 
clerk  to  complete  the  term  of  a  deceased  incumbent.  He  re- 
sided in  Lansing  part  of  1889  and  1890  and  was  admitted  to 
the  practice  of  law  before  the  Supreme  Court  in  June,  1890. 
He  was  elected  president  of  the  Michigan  abstractors'  associa- 
tion in  1904,  and  is  at  present  vice-president  of  a  national 
organization  known  as  American  association  of  title  men. 
His  chief  occupation  for  twenty-eight  years  has  been  the  com- 
piling of  abstract  books,  preparing  abstracts  of  titles,  and  the 
examining  and  perfecting  of  titles  as  an  attorney.  Mr.  Taylor 
was  elected  mayor  of  Kalamazoo  in  1905,  and  is  politically  a 
republican.  He  is  a  member  of  the  Masons,  Odd  Fellows  and 
Knights  of  Pythias,  the  present  Exalted  Ruler  of  the  Kala- 
mazoo Lodge  No.  50,  B.  P.  O.  Elks,  and  president  of  "Michi- 
gan Elks."  In  1885  he  married  Miss  Ella  Hubbard  and  they 
have  two  children. 

CHARLES  N.  THEW 

delegate  from  the  eighth  district,  was  born  in  Allegan  in  1867, 
and  is  of  American  descent.  He  is  a  graduate  from  Hope  Col- 
lege at  Holland,  taking  the  classical  course.     At  the  present 

134 


CHARLES  N.  THEW. 


CHARLES  H.  THOMAS. 


CHARLES  D.  THOMPSON. 


LOUIS  E.  TOSSY. 


time  he  is  a  practicing  attorney  at  Allegan,  Michigan.  He 
has  served  as  prosecuting  attorney  two  terms.  Mr.  Thew  is 
married. 

CHARLES  HOWARD  THOMAS 

delegate  from  the  fifteenth  district,  Barry  county,  was  bom  in 
the  township  of  Yankee  Springs,  Barry  county,  in  1870,  and  is 
of  English  descent,  his  mother's  ancestors  coming  over  in  the 
Mayflower.  When  he  was  one  and  one-half  years  old  his 
parents  moved  to  Osbom  county,  Kansas,  where  they  resided 
fourteen  years.  He  then  returned  to  Michigan.  He  is  a 
graduate  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  taking  the  degree  of 
LL.  B,  in  1892.  In  1893  he  married  Miss  Effie  A.  Snyder,  of 
Hastings,  and  they  have  three  children,  two  girls  and  one  boy. 
Mr.  Thomas  served  as  prosecuting  attorney  of  Barry  county 
for  two  terms.  He  is  Great  Lieutenant  Commander  of  the 
Knights  of  the  Modem  Maccabees. 

CHARLES  D.  THOMPSON 

delegate  from  the  twentieth  district,  Huron  county,  was  bom 
in  Huron  county  in  1873,  and  is  of  Scottish  descent  on  his 
mother's  side  and  is  a  descendant  of  John  Thompson,  one  of 
the  first  who  arrived  at  Plymouth  Colony  in  1622.  He  was  a 
student  in  the  literary  department  and  is  a  graduate  of  the  law 
department  of  the  University  of  Michigan  with  the  class  of 
1896,  and  has  practiced  law  since  graduation. 

LOUIS  E.  TOSSY 

delegate  from  the  first  district,  Wayne  county,  was  born  in 
Detroit  in  1849,  ^^^  is  of  French  descent.  He  received  his 
education  in  the  public  schools  and  through  private  study. 

135 


Mr.  Tossy  is  a  carpenter  by  trade  and  pursued  that  occupation 
until  1897.  In  1870  he  married  Miss  Eleanor  St.  Amour,  known 
in  early  Detroit  history  and  they  had  a  family  of  ten  children. 
Mrs.  Tossy  has  since  died  and  two  of  the  children.  He  has 
eighteen  grandchildren.  Mr.  Tossy  has  been  interested  all  his 
life  in  the  labor  question.  He  served  two  terms  as  president 
of  the  Detroit  federation  of  labor,  tw^o  terms  as  president  of 
the  State  federation  of  labor  and  two  terms  as  vice-president 
of  the  United  brotherhood  of  carpenters  and  joiners  of  America. 
He  is  at  present  alderman  of  the  ninth  ward  and  has  served 
eleven  years  in  that  capacity. 

WILLIS  L.  TOWNSEND 

delegate  from  the  twenty-ninth  district,  Otsego  county,  was 
bom  in  Jackson  county,  in  1858,  and  is  of  English  descent.  He 
attended  the  district  schools  in  Branch  county,  and  then  taught 
district  school  and  attended  high  school  fall  and  winter  terms 
as  long  as  his  earnings  from  teaching  lasted.  He  taught  school 
eleven  winters  and  seven  summers.  He  graduated  from  the 
Hillsdale  Commercial  College  in  1882  and  from  the  law  depart- 
ment of  the  University  of  Michigan  in  1891.  He  commenced 
the  practice  of  law  at  Gaylord,  Otsego  county,  in  the  same  year. 
He  married  Miss  Fannie  A.  Beem,  of  Reading,  Mich.,  and  they 
have  five  children.  Mr.  Townsend  has  served  as  village  assessor 
and  village  attorney  of  Gaylord  and  was  prosecuting  attorney 
of  Otsego  county  for  six  years. 

EDWARD  ^AUGUSTUS  TURN  BULL 

delegate  from  the  fifteenth  district,  Eaton  county,  was  bom  in 
England  in  1856,  and  is  of  English  descent.  He  was  educated 
in  a  private  school  in  England,  and  after  leaving  school  spent 

136 


WILLIS  L.  TOWNSEND. 


EDWARD  A.  TURNBULL. 


JAMES  VAN  KLEECK. 


HENRY  E.  WALBRIDGE. 


three  years  in  London  in  an  importing  tea  house.  He  then 
went  to  South  Africa  and  spent  some  time  there.  He  came  to 
America  in  1879.  He  is  now  engaged  in  the  manufacturing 
business  at  Grand  Ledge.     Mr.  Tumbull  is  married. 


JAMES  VAN  KLEECK 

delegate  from  the  twenty-fourth  district,  Bay  county,  was  born 
in  Exeter,  Monroe  county,  in  1846,  and  is  of  Dutch  and  Irish 
descent.  He  received  his  education  in  the  district  school, 
Monroe  high  school  and  the  University  of  Michigan.  He  mar- 
ried Miss  Juliet  C.  Carpenter  in  1872,  and  they  have  one  son 
and  two  daughters.  Mr.  Van  Kleeck  is  a  descendant  of  one 
of  the  oldest  Dutch  families  settling  on  Long  Island  previous 
to  1659.  Baltus  Van  Kleeck,  from  whom  James  Van  Kleeck 
is  a  lineal  descendant,  was  one  of  the  first  settlers  in  Duchess 
county.  New  York,  and  in  1702  erected  the  Van  Kleeck  house, 
which  was  used  for  many  years  as  a  court  house  and  a  meeting 
place  for  the  supervisors.  In  this  house  the  Whigs  of  Pough- 
keepsie  signed  the  pledge,  "Under  all  ties  of  religion,  honor  and 
love  of  country,  to  sustain  whatever  measures  the  Continental 
Congress  and  Provincial  Convention  of  New  York  should  resolve 
upon  for  preserving  the  liberties  of  the  people."  Sixteen  Van 
Kleecks  were  signers.  All  or  nearly  all  joined  the  Revolu- 
tionary Army,  holding  various  ranks.  Mr.  Van  Kleeck's  people 
always  took  a  great  interest  in  matters  pertaining  to  educa- 
tion. His  maternal  grandmother  was  especially  noted  in 
Monroe  county  because  of  her  superior  education  in  those  early 
times  and  because  of  her  possession  of  a  library  of  such  im- 
portance that  judges  and  others  came  from  Detroit  and  sur- 
roimding  places  to  consult  it.  Mr.  Van  Kleeck  served  as  a 
private  in  the  17th  Michigan  Infantry  during  the  Civil  War, 

137 


and  was  severely  wounded  in  the  battles  of  South  Mountain 
and  Antietam.  He  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney  for  four 
terms,  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  one  term,  and  was 
appointed  Commissioner  of  Immigration  under  Governor  Alger. 
He  has  served  as  a  member  of  the  board  of  education  of  Bay 
City  and  was  its  president  for  several  years.  He  has  taken  a 
very  active  part  in  Grand  Army  affairs,  and  has  been  Judge 
Advocate  and  Department  Commander  of  the  Department  of 
Michigan,  and  at  the  present  time  is  Judge  Advocate  of  the 
Department. 

HENRY  E.  WALBRIDGE 

delegate  from  the  nineteenth  district,  Clinton  county,  was  bom 
at  Glover,  Vermont,  in  1850,  and  is  of  English  descent.  His 
father  was  a  leading  lawyer  of  central  Michigan  and  his  mother 
was  a  descendant  of  General  Ethan  Allen,  the  hero  of  Ticon- 
deroga.  His  early  boyhood  was  spent  in  Saline,  Michigan,  and 
when  six  years  of  age  his  family  moved  to  St.  Johns,  where  he 
pursued  his  early  education  in  the  Union  School  and  St.  Johns 
high  school.  He  took  the  scientific  course  in  Olivet  college, 
and  then  entered  upon  the  study  of  law  in  his  father's  office. 
The  week  after  attaining  his  majority  he  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  and  also  to  a  partnership  with  his  father,  which  relation- 
ship continued  until  his  father  moved  to  Ithaca  in  1890.  Mr. 
Walbridge  then  entered  into  partnership  with  Gen.  O.  L. 
Spaulding,  but  the  firm  was  discontinued  in  1892.  In  1893 
he  became  associated  with  J.  H.  Fedewa,  with  whom  he  con- 
tinued until  the  latter's  death  in  190 1.  In  1896  Mr.  Walbridge 
was  married  to  Mrs.  Jessie  Smead  Caldwell,  of  St.  Johns.  By 
a  previous  marriage  he  has  two  daughters.  He  held  the  office 
of  circuit  court  commissioner  for  six  years,  and  is  a  member  of 
the  State  Bar  Association. 

138 


JAY  C.  WALTON. 


CHARLES  H.  WATSON. 


GUY  J.  WICKSALL. 


WALTER  S.  WIXSON. 


JAY  C.  WALTON 

delegate  from  the  thirteenth  district,  Livingston  county,  was 
born  in  Hartland  township,  Livingston  county,  in  1856,  and  is 
of  English  and  German  descent.  He  attended  the  district 
school  until  he  was  fourteen  years  of  age,  and  then  went  to  a  com- 
mercial college  afterwards  attending  a  dental  college,  graduating 
in  1 88 1.  He  was  a  drug  clerk  for  seven  years  and  practiced 
dentistry  for  twenty-five  years.  He  was  married  in  1882.  He 
is  a  large  owner  of  real  estate  and  is  interested  in  farming. 
He  is  a  breeder  of  registered  Holstein  cattle.  Mr.  Walton  has 
served  as  village  president  and  president  of  the  municipal 
electric  light  and  water  commission  of  Howell. 

CHARLES  HENRY  WATSON 

President  Pro  Tem.  of  the  Convention,  and  delegate  from  the 
thirty-first  district,  Marquette,  Dickinson,  Iron  and  Alger 
counties,  was  bom  in  Binghamton,  N.  Y.,  October  twenty- 
ninth,  1870,  and  is  of  English  descent.  He  received  his  edu- 
cation in  the  public  schools  at  Berlin,  Wisconsin,  and  in  1899 
graduated  from  the  University  of  Michigan  with  the  degree  of 
LL.B.  Mr.  Watson's  parents  moved  to  Wisconsin  from  New 
York  state  in  1876.  In  1877  his  mother  died,  and  from  that 
time  he  resided  with  his  grandparents  on  a  farm  in  Waushara 
county,  Wisconsin,  and  afterwards  at  Berlin,  until  1888.  At 
that  time  he  came  to  the  Upper  Peninsula  of  Michigan  and 
worked  on  various  newspapers  in  the  Upper  Peninsula.  In 
1892  he  married  Miss  Blanche  Campbell.  They  have  one  son, 
John  Campbell  Watson,  who  is  ten  years  of  age.  Mr.  Watson 
has  served  as  city  attorney  of  Crystal  Falls  and  held  the 
office  of  prosecuting  attorney  of  Iron  county  for  five  consecutive 
terms. 

139 


GUY  J.  WICKSALL 

delegate  from  the  eight  district,  Van  Buren  count3^  was  bom 
in  Paw  Paw,  in  1872,  and  is  of  Scotch  and  English  descent. 
He  has  resided  in  Van  Buren  county  during  his  whole  life,  ex- 
cepting about  five  years  spent  in  Houghton  county  and  at 
the  University  of  Michigan.  He  graduated  from  the  Bangor 
high  school  in  1890,  and  from  the  law  department  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Michigan  in  1895.  After  spending  several  months  in  the 
law  office  of  Edwards  &  Stewart,  of  Kalamazoo,  he  commenced 
the  practice  of  law  in  South  Haven  as  a  member  of  the  firm  of 
Johnson  &  Wicksall.  In  1900  that  firm  was  dissolved  and  the 
firm  of  Wicksall  &  Cogshall  was  formed,  which  still  continues. 
In  1900  he  was  married  to  Miss  Juliette  L.  McCart}^  of  Ver- 
montville,  and  they  have  one  daughter. 

WALTER  S.  WIXSON 

delegate  from  the  twenty-first  district,  Tuscola  county,  was 
bom  in  Lexington  in  1863,  and  is  of  Scotch- and  English  descent. 
He  received  his  education  in  the  public  schools,  the  University 
of  Michigan  and  the  Poughkeepsie  Collegiate  Institute  and  the 
Michigan  University  law  department.  After  graduating  from 
the  law  department  of  the  University  he  went  into  the  law 
office  of  the  late  John  Divine,  who  was  a  member  of  the  con- 
stitutional convention  of  1867,  and  of  the  constitutional  com- 
mission of  1873.  He  then  entered  the  employ  of  the  American 
Express  Co.,  at  Milwaukee,  as  superintendent's  clerk,  where  he 
remained  for  three  years  when  he  was  transferred  to  Chicago 
as  secretary  to  the  general  agent.  He  filled  various  positions 
in  the  express  business  at  Chicago,  as  assistant  cashier, 
traveling  solicitor  and  special  agent  of  the  money  order,  tele- 

140 


graph  transfer  and  order  and  commission  departments  of  the 
American's  service  and  the  superintendent  of  local  business 
covering  said  departments  at  Chicago.  He  resigned  in  1895, 
and  since  1897  has  practiced  law  at  Caro,  Michigan,  and  is  a 
member  of  the  firm  of  Quinn,  Wixson  &  Quinn.  Mr.  Wixson  is 
married. 

HENRY  H.  WOODRUFF 

delegate  from  the  twenty-eighth  district,  Roscommon  county, 
was  born  at  Flat  Rock,  Wayne  county,  in  1841,  and  is  of  Eng- 
lish descent.  The  state  was  just  starting  in  settlements  and 
was  recovering  from  the  wild  cat  times  of  1837-8.  He  lived 
at  Flat  Rock  until  1857,  when  his  parents  moved  to  East  Sag- 
inaw. He  received  his  education  in  the  common  schools, 
prepared  for  the  University  of  Michigan  under  Claudius  B. 
Grant,  attending  the  union  school  at  Ann  Arbor.  He  however 
left  for  the  war  and  never  entered  the  University.  He  en- 
listed as  a  private  in  Company  D,  i6th  Michigan  Infantry; 
was  made  fourth  sergeant  before  leaving  Detroit  and  promoted 
to  second  lieutenant  for  good  conduct  on  the  field  of  battle  by 
special  order  No.  99,  August  2,  1862.  He  was  promoted  to 
first  lieutenant  and  captain  but  did  not  muster  as  captain. 
After  the  war  he  was  engaged  in  the  lumber  business  until 
1872.  In  1866  he  married  Miss  Caroline  Ellsefer,  who  died  in 
Lapeer  in  the  year  1871.  In  1877  he  married  Alicia  H.  Moiles, 
who  died  in  1907,  leaving  two  daughters.  Mr.  Woodruff 
studied  law  in  a  law  office  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  1876 
and  has  followed  the  practice  of  law  since  that  time.  He 
moved  to  Roscommon  county  in  1874  and  has  lived  in  that 
county  ever  since.  He  has  held  many  important  public  offices 
and  was  prosecuting  attorney  for  eighteen  years. 


141 


ROGER  IRVING  WYKES 

delegate  from  the  seventeenth  district,  Kent  county,  was  born 
in  Grand  Rapids  in  1874,  and  is  of  English  descent.  He  was 
educated  in  the  Grand  Rapids  and  South  Grand  Rapids  high 
schools  and  taught  two  }'ears  in  the  latter.  He  entered  the 
law  class  of  1895  at  the  University  of  Michigan  and  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  practice  of  law  in  1896,  engaging  in  practice  at 
Grand  Rapids.  He  soon  after  entered  the  office  of  the  Attorney 
General  and  remained  there  until  1905.  He  was  admitted  to 
practice  before  the  United  States  Supreme  Court  in  1902,  and 
in  that  court  represented  the  state  in  its  cases  against  the 
Wisconsin  &  Michigan  railway,  in  which  the  right  of  the  state 
to  tax  certain  railroads  north  of  the  forty-fourth  parallel  of 
latitude  was  established,  against  the  Grand  Rapids  &  Indiana 
in  which  that  company  was  compelled  to  reduce  its  passenger 
rates  and  in  those  of  the  different  railroads  against  the  state, 
constituting  the  railroad  tax  cases.  In  1905,  when  Mr. 
O'Brien  was  appointed  minister  to  Denmark,  Mr.  W^'kes  en- 
tered the  firm  of  O'Brien,  Campbell  &  Wykes,  continuing  as  a 
member  of  that  firm  for  two  years  and  retaining  his  connec- 
tion on  behalf  of  the  state,  with  its  pending  railway  and  tax 
litigation,  as  special  counsel.  In  1907  he  severed  his  connec- 
tion with  that  firm  and  is  now  engaged  in  the  practice  of  law 
in  Grand  Rapids.  In  the  convention,  he  was  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  finance  and  taxation. 


142 


HENRY  H.  WOODRUFF, 


ROGER  I.  WYKES. 


O.  T.  ALLEN, 
Lansing  Journal. 


JOHN  FITZGIBBON, 
Detroit  News. 


HUGO  A.  GILMARTIN. 
Detroit  Free  Press. 


MILO  E.   MARSH 
Detroit  Times. 


ROY  C.  VANDERCOOK, 

State  Republican. 


J.  E.  WORTHINGTON, 
Grand  Rapids  Herald. 


REPRESENTATIVES  OF  THE  PRESS. 


JOSEPH  H.  BREWER, 
Official  Stenographer. 


CHAS.  H.  McGURRIN, 
Assistant  Official  Stenographer 


ALEX.   H.  SMITH, 
Assistant  Secretary. 


SYDNEY  D.   HALL, 
Assistant  Secretary. 


ANDREW  J.  SCOTT 
Sergeant-at-arms. 


iisijd:e^j<: 


INDEX  OF  NAMES. 


Tags. 

Acker,  William  H 35,  91 

Adam,  John  J 11 

Adam,  Wales 17 

Adams,  Edgar  J 35,  91 

Adams,  Peter  R 18 

Aldrich,  Levi 22 

Alexander,  Lorenzo  P 22 

Alvord,  Henry  J 18 

Anderson,  Robert  H 17 

Andrus,  William  W 23 

Arzeno,  Alexander  M 18 

Atwood,  Theron  W 35,  92 

Axford,  J.  S 12 

Axf ord ,  Samuel 12 

Axford,  William i8 


Babcock,  Robert  S 35, 

Backus,  Henry  T 

Bacon,  Marshall  J 

Bagg,  Joseph  H 

Bagley,  John  J 

Baird,  John 35, 

Baldwin,  Clarke  E 34, 

Baldwin,  Frederick  J 35, 

Barber,  Julius  S 

Barbour,  Levi  L 34, 

Barnaby,  Horace  T.,  Jr 35-94 

Barnard,  Ely 

Barnett,  James  F 35, 

Barry,  John  S 12, 

Bartow,  Henry 

Bartow,  John 

Beardsley,  Charles  E 

Beaufait,  Louis 

Beeson,  Jacob 

Biddle,  John 

Bills,  Perley 

Birney,  James 

Bishop,  Roswell  P 

Black,  Charles  M 35, 

Blackman,  Samuel  H 

Boughton,  Seleck  C 


95 
16 

17 
17 
17 
1 1 

17 
II 

23 
22 

35 
95 
23 


Page. 

Boynton,  Nathan  S 35,  96 

Bradley,  Milton 22 

Brewer,  John , 1 1 

Briggs,  Russell 1 1 

Britain,  Calvin 17 

Broomfield,  Archibald 35.  96 

Brower,  Richard 1 1 

Brown,  Alvarado 17 

Brown,  Ammon n,   18 

Brown,  Asahel 17,  22 

Brown,  Jefferson  G 35.97 

Brown,  Thomas  H 34,  97 

Brown,  William  E 35.  97 

Bumham,  William 26 

Bums,  John  D 17 

Burt,  Wellington  R 35,  98 

Burtch,  Milton  P       22 

Burtenshaw,  James 23 

Burton,  Clarence  M 74    98 

Bush,  Charles  P 17 

Butterfield,  John  L 17 

Calkin,  Ephraim 12 

Calverley,  William  D 36,  98 

Campbell,  Gordon  R 36,  99 

Campbell,  Henry  M 34,  99 

Carr,  WiUiam  S 18 

Carton,  John  J 34,  35,   loi 

Case,  Emanuel 1 1 

Case,  George  F 23 

Cavanaugh,  Martin  J 34,   102 

Chandler,  Charles 18 

Chandler,  Merritt 36,   103 

Chapel,  Charles  W x8 

Chapin,  Dewitt  C 22 

Chapman,  Bela 12,  23 

Chase,  Jonathan 12 

Choate,  Emerson 18 

Church,  Thomas  B 17 

Clark,  Eliphalet n 

Clark,  John 12,   18 

Clark,  Samuel 17 


145 


Page. 

Clubb,  Henry  S 26 

Colbath,  Lemuel 11 

CoUier,  G.  X.  M 22 

Collins,  Alpheus 11 

Comstock,  Addison  J 18 

Comstock,  Darius 11 

Conger,  Omer  D 23 

Connor,  William 18 

Convis,  Ezra 12 

Cook,  Albert  B 35,  103 

Cook,  Elijah  F 11 

Cook,  John  P 17 

Coolidge,  Henry  H 22 

Coomer,  George  W 34,   103 

Corbin,  William 23 

Cornell,  Jerry  G 17 

Crane,  Isaac  M  26 

Cranor,  Ozro  N 35,  104 

Crapo,  Henry  H 21 

Crary ,  Isaac  E 12,   17 

Crocker,  Thomas  M 23 

Crossman,  Rufus 11 

Crosswell,  Charles  M 22,  23 

Crouse,  Ira  D 26 

Crouse,  Robert 18 

Curtis,  Thomas 12 

Cutcheon,  Sullivan  M 26 


Danforth,  Ephraim  B 

Daniels,  Ebenezer 

Daniells,  Nathaniel  I 

Davis,  J.  D II 

Davison,  Norman 

Dawson,  William 35, 

DeLand,  Charles  J 34, 

Desnoyers,  Peter i^ 

Deuel,  Andrew  L 36, 

Devereaux,  James  R 

Dimond,  Reuben  B 

Divine,  John 11 

Dousman,  Michael 

Duncan,  Delamore 

Duncombe    Charles 

Eastman,  Timothy 

Eaton,  Ebenezer  C 

Edmunds,  James  M 

EUenwood,  John 

Elliott,  Adam 

Ellis,  Edward  D 

Estee,  Perry  H 


17 

18 

22 

p   12 

12 

104 

105 

.  23 

106 

27 

18 

,  26 

12 

23 

23 

17 
18 
18 


23 


Fairlie,  John  Archibald 34,  106 

Fall,  Delos 34,  107 


Page- 
Farmer,  William  S 22 

Farrington,  George  W 11 

Ferris,  Jacob 23 

Ferry,  Peter  P 11 

Ferry,  William  M 26 

Flannigan,  Richard  C 36,  108 

Fleischhauer,  Alfred  M 35,  108 

Foster,  Eugene 36,  109 

Foster,  Seymour 22 

Frahck,  Henry 18 

Freeman,  Herbert  L 35,  109 

Fyfe,  Lawrence  C 34,   109 

Gale,  Elbridge  G 17 

Gardiner,  Earls  P 18 

Germain,  George  W 22 

Gibson,  John 18 

Giddings,  Edwin  W 26 

Giddings,  Marsh 23 

Gidley ,  Townsend  E 12 

Glenn,  Thomas  H 22 

Godard,  Abel 11 

Godfrey,  James  F 11 

Goodwin,  Daniel 17,   18,  23 

Goodwin,  William  F 22 

Gore,  Victor  M 34,   no 

Graham,  Jonathan  B 17 

Green,  Nelson 18 

Gulick,  Robert  F 23 

Haire,  John 23 

Hall,  James  H 35,  no 

Hally,  Patrick  J.  M 34,  in 

Hanscom,  Alfred  H 18 

Harrington,  Caleb 11 

Harris,  Edward  P 23 

Hart,  Noah  H 17 

Harvey,  George  C 18 

Hascall,  Charles 17 

Hascall,  Volney 17 

Hatch,  Herschel  H 27 

Hathaway    Hiram 18 

Hawkins,  Victor 34,  in 

Hazen,  Ezra 23 

Heald,  Henry  T 35,  112 

Heckert,  Benjamin  F 34,  112 

Hemans,  Lawton  T 35,  112 

Henderson,  Eden  F 22 

Henkel,  Peter 23 

Herrington,  Caleb n 

Hixson,  Daniel 18,  23 

Holmes,  Charles  D 22 

Holt,  Henry  H 23 

Holmes,  John  W 35,  113 


146 


Page. 

Horton,  George  B 34,  114 

Hough,  Olmstead 11 

Houk,  Calvin  E 36,   114 

How,  Orin II 

Howard,  Sumner 22 

Howell,  Joseph 11 

Hubbard,  David,  Jr 17 

Hull,  Levi  T 23 

Huston,  Benjamin  W.,  Jr 23 

Hutchins,  Allen 11 

Ingalls,  Eleazer 23 

Ingersoll,  Samuel 11 

Ingram,  Frederick  F 34,   115 

Irwin.  Charles  F ii 

Jenkins,  Baldwin 12 

Jennison,  Hiram 23 

Jerome,  David  H 27 

Jones,  Walter  C 34,   115 

Kenney,  Myron  C 23 

Kjlpatrick,  William  M 35,   116 

King,  Paul  H 34,   117 

Kingsley,  James 18 

Kinne,  Daniel 17 

Knowles,  Leonard  F 35,   117 

Lacy,  Elijah 12 

Lamb,  John  M 23 

Lawrence,  Benjamin  W 23 

Leach,  Dewitt  C 17,     22 

Lee,  Daniel  S 18 

LiUie,  Colon  C 35,   118 

Longyear,  John  W 22 

Loomis,  Hubbell 12 

Lothrop,  George  V.  N 23 

Louisell,  Medor  E 35,  119 

Lovell,  Cyrus 17 

Lovell,  Henry  R 22 

Luce,  Cyrus  G 22 

Lyon,  Lucius 12 

McClelland,  Robert 18,  23 

McClellen,  Robert 11 

McConnell,  William  M 23 

McCracken,  Stephen  B 26 

McDonell,  John 11 

McKernan,  John  Q 22 

McLeod,  William  Norman 18 

Manchester,  William  C 34,   120 

Manning,  Randolph 11 

Marvin,  Henry  B 18 

Mason,  Lorenzo  M 18 

Mason,  Lyman  G 26 


Page. 

Mason,  Stevens  T 10 

Mead,  Frank  D 36,   120 

Meddaugh,  Elijah  W 26 

Merrell,  Joseph 34,   121 

Miles,  Marcus  H 23 

Miles,  T.  P 22 

Miller,  Hiram  L 23 

Miller,  Lewis  T 12 

Milnes,  Alfred 34,   121 

Moffatt,  Seth  C 27 

Monfort,  Frank  R 35,   122 

Moore,  Andrew  L 35,   122 

Moore,  Edward  S i8 

Moore,  George  W 35,   123 

Moore,  William 11 

Morgan,  David  T 36,   123 

Morris,  Benjamin  B 12 

Morrison,  William  V 17 

Morton,  Edward  G 23 

Mosher,  John 17 

Mowry,  Zebina  M 18 

Mundy ,  Edward 11 

Murray,  Lyman 23 

Musgrave,  Joseph 22 

Mussey,  Dexter 23 

Newberry,  Seneca 11,   18 

Newton,  James 12 

Nichols,  Edwin  C 34,  124 

Ninde,  Thomas 23 

Noble,  Nathaniel 11 

Norris,  Lyman  D 23 

Norvell,  John 11 

Oberdorflfer,  William  J 36,   124 

O'Brien,  Morgan 18 

Odell,  James 12 

Orr,  Joseph  W.  T 17 

Osmun,  William  E 35,   124 

Otis,  Asa  H 11 

Parsons,  S.  Titus . 23 

Patrick,  William 12 

Patterson,  Joseph  H 11 

Pierce,  John  D 17 

Pierce,  Nathan 17 

Pond,  Ashley 26 

Porter,  Henry 12 

Porter,  Solomon 12 

Post,  Floyd  L    35,  125 

Powell,  Herbert  E 35,  125 

Pratt,  Daniel  L 22 

Pratt,  Frank  S 35,  126 

Prevost,  Francis  J 18 

Pringle,  Eugene 22 


147 


Page. 

Purcell,  William 23 

Purdy,  Robert 1 1 

Purington,  D.  B 22 

Rafter,  William  A 23 

Raynale,  Ebenezer 11,   18 

Redfield,  George 17 

Rexford,  Roswell  B 12 

Richmond,  Charles  H 23 

Riggs,  Jeremiah 12 

Riley,  Henry  H 26 

Roberts,  Elijah  J 17 

Roberts,  Horace  F 17 

Robertson,  Andrew  S 18 

Robertson,  Leslie  B 34,   127 

Robinson,  Elisha  S 17 

Robinson,  Mitchell 17 

Robinson,  Rix 17 

Rockwell,  Kleber  P 35,   127 

Root,  Simeon  P 22 

Rowe,  George  E 35,   128 

Russell,  Fred  J 35,   128 

Salliotte,  Ignatius  J 34,   129 

Sawyer,  Eugene  F 35,   129 

Sawyer,  Jacob  C 23 

Scott,  Andrew  J 34 

Sharpe,  Albert  E 36,   130 

Shattuck,  Gilbert 11 

Shaw,  Edwin  0 35,   130 

Shearer,  Jonathan 23 

Sheldon,  Horace  J 23 

Shellhouse,  Martin  G 12 

Simons,  Charles  C 34,   131 

Skinner,  Elias  M 18 

Smith,  J.  M.  C 35.131 

Smith,  Osmond  H 36,   132 

Smith,  Thaddeus  G 22 

Smith,  William  A 23 

Soule,  Milo 17 

Snow,  Ernest  A 35,  132 

Stevens,  Amos ". 11 

Stewart,  Hugh  P 34,  133 

Stockwell,  Martin  P 23 

Storey,  Wilbur  F 17 

Stoughton,  William  L 23 

Stubbs,  Michael  P 11 

Sturgis,  David 17 

Sullivan,  James 17 

Sutherland,  Jabez  G 18,   23 

Sutherland,  Justin  L 35,   133 

Sutphen,  Josephus  V.  D 11 

Swegels,  John,  Jr 17 

Tallman,  Theophilus  E i  r 


Page. 

Taylor,  Joshua  B 1  r 

Taylor,  Walter  R 34.   134 

Ten  Eyck,  Conrad 1 1 

Thew,  Charles  N 34,   134 

Thomas,  Charles  H 35,   135 

Thompson,  Charles  D 35,   135 

Thompson,  Lewis  J 22 

Tiffany,  Alexander  R 1 1 ,     17 

Tossy,  Louis  E 34,  134 

Town,  Oka 17 

Townsend,  Willis  L 36,   136 

Tucker,  Jacob 12 

TurnbuU,  Edward  A 35,   136 

Turner,  josiah 23 

Tyler,  Comfort 23 

Upson,  Charles 26 

Utley,  WilUam  S ;  23 

Van  Every,  Peter 11 

Van  Kleeck,  James 3S>  i37 

Van  Riper,  Jacob  J 22 

Van  Valkenburg,  Jacob 18,     23 

Voorheis,  Isaac  I 11 

Wadhams,  Ralph 12 

Waite,  Benjaman  W 18 

Walbridge,  Henry  E 35,   138 

Walker,  Alvah  H "22 

Walker,  Dewitt  C 18 

Walton,  Jay  C 35,   130 

Warden,  Robert,  Jr t8 

Warner,  Fred  M ^t, 

Warner,  P.  Dean 23 

Warner,  WilUam  F 23 

Watkins,"^ Freeman  C 22 

Watkins,^ Milton  C 23 

Watson, ^Charles "!'H 34,  36,  13Q 

Webster,  James 18 

Welch,  WiUiam  H 12 

Wells,  Hezekiah  G 12,   17,   26 

Whipple,  Charles  W 11,   17 

White,  Alpheus 11 

White,  David 11 

White,  Jonathan  R 18 

White,  Orrin .' 11 

White,  Samuel 12 

White,  WiUiam  E 22 

Whitney,  John 11 

Whittemore,  Gideon  O 18 

Wicksall,  Guy  J 34,   140 

Wilkins,  Ross 11 

Willard,  George 22 

Willard,  Isaac  W 18 

WiUard,  Titus  B 12 


148 


Page. 

Williams,  John  R ii 

Willaims,  Joseph  R i8 

Williams,  William  B 22 

Willitts,  Edwin 26 

Winans,  Edwin  B 23 

Winsor,  Richard 22 

Witherell,  Benjamin  F.  H  .  .  .  .  18 

Withey,  Solomon  L 23,     26 

Wixson,  Walter  S 35,   140 


Page- 

Woodbridge,  William i  r 

Woodhouse,  Lemuel 22 

Woodman,  Elias  S 18 

Woodruff,  Henry  H 36,   141 

Woodward,  Lysander 26 

Wright,  Harvey 22 

Wykes,  Roger  1 35,   142 

Yeomans,  Sanford  A 22 


OF   THE 
OF 


149 


"I'^^mjiV^-ii: 


^' 


